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IT > HARDWARE > Flashcards

HARDWARE Flashcards

1
Q

what is hardware

A

physical components of computer categorised into input,processing, output, storage,communication

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2
Q

IPO

A

input process output
principle followed by computer

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3
Q

motherboard

A

large printed circuit board (PCB) that houses essential electrical components of device

main component of computer
capabilities of device dictated by motherboard

CPU,RAM and connectors and peripherals all linked to motherboard

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4
Q

how do you extend the capabilities of the motherboard

A

bus slots
(eg graphic card,sound card)

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5
Q

CPU

A

central processing unit

largest chip on computer
interprets and executes demands
divided into ALU,CU,Registers

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6
Q

von Neumann architecture

A

design of the CPU in relation to secondary storage and RAM

programs stored permanently in secondary storage.
in order for program to run, it must be loaded into RAM,as CPU is directly connected to RAM

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7
Q

ALU

A

arithmetic logical unit
performs logical calculations and simple arithmetic or integer binary numbers

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8
Q

CU

A

control unit
co-ordinater
sends control signals and instructions to be processed

instructs the memory, logic unit, and both output and input devices of the computer on how to respond to the program’s instructions.

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9
Q

Registers

A

small memory slots that store instructions CPU is currently processing

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10
Q

BIOS

A

basic input output system
non volatile firmware
initialise hardware when computer starts up so OS can take over and use hardware afterwards
programmed on ROM chip

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11
Q

RAM

A

random access memory
primary memory
form of storage that holds data currently being processed
needs power to retain memory
volatile

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12
Q

volatile

A

unpredictable, dynamic
contents constantly changing during processing and lost when computer switched off

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13
Q

DRAM

A

dynamic random access memory
constantly needs to be refreshed otherwise all contents will be lost

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14
Q

ROM

A

read only memory
non volatile
stores list of instructions device needs to run

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15
Q

non volatile

A

permanent

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16
Q

firmware

A

set of instructions programmed on a hardware device
semi permanent
typically stored in flash rom

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17
Q

peripherals

A

connected to the motherboard- not directly placed on

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18
Q

components

A

placed directly on motherboard

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19
Q

secondary storage

A

permanent , non volatile storage
can be fixed or removable media

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20
Q

hard drives

A

stores all users programs and data permanently
housed inside computer case

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21
Q

HDD

A

mechanical hard disk drive
designed with
mechanical read/write head that scans disk for data represented magnetically
vacuum sealed (to protect from dust)
data represented/stored magnetically

22
Q

SSD

A

solid state drives (SSD)
electronic circuits
info stored in microchips- faster and less susceptible to shock or damage
can be internal or external

23
Q

hybrid drives

A

benefits of HDD and SSD conbined
high storage and speed, cost benefits

24
Q

flash drives

A

small portable storage device that uses SSD technology
connect via USB port
useful for transferring and backing up data

25
Q

optical drives

A

laser burns data onto a disc
lost popularity to flash drives-cannot change data
CD,DVD,Blu-ray drives

26
Q

SD cards

A

secure digital cards
high memory for small size
used in portable devices
provide 16GB upwards capacities

27
Q

input devices

A

hardware that gets data into computer
data stored in RAM

28
Q

keyboard

A

many keys that represent characters w/ unique value
typing keys
numeric keypad
function keys
control keys
layout - QWERTY

29
Q

mouse

A

pointing device used to select and click on icons
detects change in position and makes similar change on screen

optical mice-use Light Emitting Diode that bounces light off mouse pad surface

wireless mice- receiver receives signals transmitted from mouse

30
Q

scanners

A

analyse image and convert it to file
Optical Character Recognition OCR- analyse image w text and convert text to unicode to be altered and edited

31
Q

scanner resolution

A

measured in dots per inch (pdi)
the better the scanner,the higher the resolution

32
Q

barcode scanners

A

scan prices at Point of Sale (POS) terminals
barcode stores info abt product
scanner shines red LED light onto barcode pattern and reads pattern of reflected light

33
Q

barcode

A

pattern of thin and wide lines that represent data

Laser light is shone on the label surface and its reflection is captured by a sensor (laser photo detector) to read a bar code

34
Q

QR codes

A

Quick Response codes
easily read by camera of smartphone
2 dimensional sets of diff sized squares on white background
contain more info than barcodes

35
Q

magnetic stripe readers

A

info encoded on magnetic stripe of card
converts info into format that computer can understand

36
Q

biometric devices

A

recognise individuals by unique physical characteristics
captured,converted to digital format and represented mathematically
compare stored data against inputted data
(fingerprints, retina scans,voice prints)
quick,high level of accuracy

37
Q

microphones

A

convert sound energy into electrical/digital energy
use diaphragm to sense sound wave and convert into electrical signal

38
Q

sensors

A

convert physical property into data-made into signal to be measured electrically
(position,height,speed,temperature,location)
used in smart homes,alarms,autopilot systems

39
Q

accelerometer

A

sensor that gauges tilting and orientation of smart phone to determine which orientation phone must show

40
Q

output devices

A

hardware device that receives information from computer

41
Q

monitors

A

screen that displays information in pictorial or textual form
resolution and screen size important factors

42
Q

most commonly used monitors

A

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screens

43
Q

resolution

A

number of pixels across and number of pixels down on monitor
the larger the screen the higher the resolution

44
Q

touch screen

A

used in smartphones, tablets and laptops
input and output device
finger used as pointing device

45
Q

printers

A

laser and inkjet technologies
print in black and colour or only black
non impact printers - nothing touches paper besides ink/toner
impact printer- old dot matrix-hammer touches ribbon on paper
3D printers - allow user to design object and create it

46
Q

3D printing process

A

object designed
whole object turned into little slices (slicing)
and created from bottom up , slice by slice

47
Q

speakers

A

receive audio input (in digital form) from sound card and produce audio output in form of sound waves
have internal amplifier- increase volume/amplitude
come in pairs- stereo sound from 2 separate audio channels

48
Q

headphones

A

use diaphragm to convert digital data into sound waves
headsets - combo of headphones and microphone- speak and listen simultaneously

49
Q

ports

A

allow for communication w/ device that is appropriate to send/receive correct data
versatile and universal ports HDMI and USB- reduce no. of ports needed

50
Q

USB

A

universal serial bus port
common interface that enables communication between devices and host controller
wide variety of uses
mice,keyboards,digital cameras,printers,scanners,media devices,external hard drives,flash drives
replaced parallel +serial port

51
Q

HDMI

A

high definition multimedia interface
port
provide digital interface to receive + transmit video and audio signals
tapered edges
replaced VGA and sound jack port

52
Q

modularity

A

computer comes in separate components that you can piece together w your requirements in mind
- easy to repair - remove offending component + replace
- flexible - can add components to motherboard depending on needs
-able to upgrade- simplifies upgrading with better hardware

IT (16 decks)

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