Hard Times Flashcards
Utilitarianism
The Utilitarians were one of the targets of this novel. Utilitarianism was a prevalent school of thought during this period, its founders being Jeremy Bentham and James Mill, father to political theorist John Stuart Mill. Theoretical Utilitarian ethics hold that promotion of general social welfare is the ultimate goal for the individual and society in general: “the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.” Dickens believed that in practical terms, the pursuit of a totally rationalised society (based on or in accordance with reason or logic.) could lead to great misery.
Exam Strategy
Themes - mechanisation, fact v fancy, femininity, love/lust, moral/immoral, expose dehumanisation of utiliterianism/political economy
The Form-
satire - the use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues - analyse quotation
and caricature - a picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect - analyse quotation
Utilitarianism II
The principle was modified – not just ‘happiness’ but ‘quantitative’ happiness, which implies judgement of quality - & guess who did the judging? Yup, the ones in power, so we came pretty much full-circle.
Political Economy
Political economy was the original term used for studying production and trade, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth. Political economy originated in moral philosophy (ethics…utilitarianism?)
Dickens view on Political Economy
IN AN essay in his popular magazine, Household Words, Charles Dickens issued a challenge to economists to humanise their discipline. “Political economy is a mere skeleton unless it has a little human covering and filling out,” he wrote in the inaugural issue in 1854. “A little human bloom upon it, and a little human warmth in it.”
Sleary’s - ‘Folks can’t be allwayth working thouqire they mutht be amuthe’. Paraphrase - express the meaning of (Dicken’s thoughts) in different words
Themes
Themes Mechanisation
The Opposition Between Fact and Fancy
The Importance of Femininity
Morality and immorality
Themes 1 Mechanisation
Hard Times suggests that nineteenth-century England’s overzealous adoption of industrialization threatens to turn human beings into machines by thwarting the development of their emotions and imaginations. This suggestion comes forth largely through the actions of Gradgrind and his follower, Bounderby: as the former educates the young children of his family and his school in the ways of fact, the latter treats the workers in his factory as emotionless objects that are easily exploited for his own self-interest. In Chapter 5 of the first book, the narrator draws a parallel between the factory Hands and the Gradgrind children—both lead monotonous, uniform existences, untouched by pleasure. Consequently, their fantasies and feelings are dulled, and they become almost mechanical themselves.
Themes 1 Mechanisation 2
The mechanizing effects of industrialization are compounded by Mr. Gradgrind’s philosophy of rational self-interest. Mr. Gradgrind believes that human nature can be measured, quantified, and governed entirely by rational rules. Indeed, his school attempts to turn children into little machines that behave according to such rules. Dickens’s primary goal in Hard Times is to illustrate the dangers of allowing humans to become like machines, suggesting that without compassion and imagination, life would be unbearable. Indeed, Louisa feels precisely this suffering when she returns to her father’s house and tells him that something has been missing in her life, so much so that she finds herself in an unhappy marriage and may be in love with someone else. While she does not actually behave in a dishonorable way, since she stops her interaction with Harthouse before she has a socially ruinous affair with him, Louisa realizes that her life is unbearable and that she must do something drastic for her own survival. Appealing to her father with the utmost honesty, Louisa is able to make him realize and admit that his philosophies on life and methods of child rearing are to blame for Louisa’s detachment from others
Themes - The Opposition Between Fact and Fancy 1
While Mr. Gradgrind insists that his children should always stick to the facts, Hard Times not only suggests that fancy is as important as fact, but it continually calls into question the difference between fact and fancy. Dickens suggests that what constitutes so-called fact is a matter of perspective or opinion. For example, Bounderby believes that factory employees are lazy good-for-nothings who expect to be fed “from a golden spoon.” The Hands, in contrast, see themselves as hardworking and as unfairly exploited by their employers. These sets of facts cannot be reconciled because they depend upon perspective. While Bounderby declares that “[w]hat is called Taste is only another name for Fact,” Dickens implies that fact is a question of taste or personal belief. As a novelist, Dickens is naturally interested in illustrating that fiction cannot be excluded from a fact-filled, mechanical society.
Themes - The Opposition Between Fact and Fancy 2
Gradgrind’s children, however, grow up in an environment where all flights of fancy are discouraged, and they end up with serious social dysfunctions as a result. Tom becomes a hedonist who has little regard for others, while Louisa remains unable to connect with others even though she has the desire to do so. On the other hand, Sissy, who grew up with the circus, constantly indulges in the fancy forbidden to the Gradgrinds, and lovingly raises Louisa and Tom’s sister in a way more complete than the upbringing of either of the older siblings. Just as fiction cannot be excluded from fact, fact is also necessary for a balanced life. If Gradgrind had not adopted her, Sissy would have no guidance, and her future might be precarious. As a result, the youngest Gradgrind daughter, raised both by the factual Gradgrind and the fanciful Sissy, represents the best of both worlds.
Themes - The Importance of Femininity
During the Victorian era, women were commonly associated with supposedly feminine traits like compassion, moral purity, and emotional sensitivity. Hard Times suggests that because they possess these traits, women can counteract the mechanizing effects of industrialization. For instance, when Stephen feels depressed about the monotony of his life as a factory worker, Rachael’s gentle fortitude inspires him to keep going. He sums up her virtues by referring to her as his guiding angel. Similarly, Sissy introduces love into the Gradgrind household, ultimately teaching Louisa how to recognize her emotions. Indeed, Dickens suggests that Mr. Gradgrind’s philosophy of self-interest and calculating rationality has prevented Louisa from developing her natural feminine traits. Perhaps Mrs. Gradgrind’s inability to exercise her femininity allows Gradgrind to overemphasize the importance of fact in the rearing of his children. On his part, Bounderby ensures that his rigidity will remain untouched since he marries the cold, emotionless product of Mr. and Mrs. Gradgrind’s marriage. Through the various female characters in the novel, Dickens suggests that feminine compassion is necessary to restore social harmony.
Femininity
Louisa lacks - Therefore her emotional side is barren
Sissy has - a comfort to Louisa and balance to Jane
Rachel has - a comfort and support to Stephen Blackpool
Mrs Gradgrind has lost - Gradgrind grinds out with facts
Fact/Fancy Oppositions
FACT/FANCY OPPOSITIONS
Reason / imagination Stone Lodge / Circus Gradgrind / Sleary Coketown / nature Bitzer / Sissy Wander / wonder Statistics / humane reality
Moral/Immoral Oppositions
MORAL/ IMMORAL OPPOSITIONS
Love / lust Education /indoctrination Natural / unnatural Truth / lies Blackpool / Bounderby Workers / capitalists
Hard Times for These Times - What is it?
A social problem novel, a dialogue between art (in this case the novel) and society
Published 1854’ had appeared in Dickens’ journal ‘Household Words’
Social but not as ‘realism’ - things as they actually are, as Gaskill’s novels e.g. Mary Barton, definitely not Austin’s romanticism
Uses satire - irony, ridicule to expose stupidity and vices
Masculine narrative voice, draws on Shakespeare for authority e.g. ‘Familiar in their mouth as household words’ - Henry Vo
