HAP Skin Flashcards by Emily Gramza

integumentary =

“Skin” (nails+hair+glands)

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the skin is the _____ & ______ organ

largest and thinnest

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list the roles of the skin

1) defense
2) waterproof
3) shade from sun
4) regulates body temp
5) sensations (homeostasis)-touch, temp, pain
6) makes Vitamin D

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What are the 3 main layers of the skin?

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

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outermost (superficial) layer, avascular (no blood vessels), stratified squamous epithelial tissue (many layers of big, flat, slippery cells)

EPIDERMIS

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vascular (blood vessels) fibrous tissue

DERMIS

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also called hypodermis
carries major blood vessels to nerves and skin above
contains adipose tissue w/ lipocytes (fat cells) for padding, insulation, and stored energy

SUBCUTANEOUS

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List the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial

1) stratum basale
2) spinosum
3) granulosum
4) lucidum
5) corneum

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List the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest

CLGSM (Come Let’s Get Sun Burned)

1) corneum
2) lucidum
3) granulosum
4) spinosum
5) basale

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layer of the epidermis: composed of a single layer of tall or columnar epithelial cells, MITOSIS

stratum basale

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layer of epidermis: irregularly shaped cells; the spiny appearance due to desmosome; Langerhan’s cells–part of immune defense

stratum spinosum

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place where the cell cytoplasm is replaced w/ keratin (tough water-proofing), nuclei disintegrates, lots of lysosomes, begins the elevator of death

granulosum

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(clear layer) composed of dead cells w/ extra material for protection, found in soles of feet and palms of hands ONLY (for extra padding and protection)

lucidum

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(horny layer)

dead cells filled with keratin
no nuclei
protein connectors are desmosomes: which strengthen (a waterproof protein)
function=barrier

corneum

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Why is “flaking” of the corneum a good idea?

gets rid of bacteria and fungus

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melanocytes produce the pigment melanin (protein) located in the _______ ________

stratum basale

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when sunlight strikes skin, the melanocytes release melanin—>travels to the surrounding cells and “sits on the sunny-side” of the nucleus, _________ __

protecting it

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clusters of melanocytes form ______ and _____

freckles and moles

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an epidermis (skin) disorder: decreased melanin production (genetic and recessive)

albinism

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an epidermis (skin) disorder: YELLOWish hue to the skin and whites of the eyes, due to increased bilirubin—> indicates liver issues

jaundice

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an epidermis (skin) disorder: decrease blood oxygen resulting in BLUE color

cyanosis

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an epidermis (skin) disorder: pouch usually filled w/ fluid caused by weak or destroyed desmosomes from friction

blisters

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the ______ is much thicker than the epidermis

DERMIS

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two layers of the dermis are….

papillary-thinner

reticular-thicker

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- deeper than st. basale | - dermal papillae that nourish

papillary-thinner

What are these papillae in the dermis nourishing?

because of the papillae, ridges form (fingerprints) which function to give us better grip for using tools and walking barefoot

- cells are scattered | - many fibers in between the cells (white collagen and yellow elastic fibers)

reticular-thicker

pain

free nerve endings

light touch

meissner's corpuscles

cold

krause

heat

ruffini's corpuscles

pressure

pacinian corpuscles

tug or pull on hair

root hair plexus

What happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts?

(gets shorter) the hair stands on end and pulls the skin up with it, and goosebumps form

tough & strong fibers, anchors skin

collagen

stretch and rebound fibers--->with age, these break down and skin sags (wrinkles form)

elastic

What happens to our skin as we age and are exposed to more UV light?

elastic fibers in the dermis decrease, amount of subcutaneous fat decreases, wrinkles develop

sweat=

water, salt, urea, ammonia

sweat/sudoriferous glands are divided into what 2 categories...

eccrine and apocrine

describe eccrine sweat glands

- numerous and widely distributed throughout body - produce watery secretion (sweat/perspiration) - primary function: help maintain constant body temp - on fingertips.... help grip

describe apocrine sweat glands

- found in the armpits and around genitals - secretion is thicker than normal sweat - PU/puberty glands - has distinctive odor: bc secretion is broken down by skin bacteria

describe sebaceous glands

- AKA oil glands - associated w/ hair follicles - produce sebum which lubricates the hair and skin - prevents skin from drying and cracking

describe ceruminous glands

- found in the ear - produce a brown, waxy secretion called CERUMEN (ear wax) - function: protects the skin of the ear canal from dehydration

function of hair....

- warmth - protection from elements (UV) - dispersion of sweat gland products - psychosocial factors

part you can see above the skin, protects from UV rays and warms

hair shaft

made of S. basal, small tube which pushes down into the dermis

hair follicle

actual place hair is made, pushes upward at the root (parenthesis around base)

germinal matrix

provides blood nourishment to germinal matrix (looks like a hill)

hair papilla

how KERATIN protects the body

waterproof (no fluid loss), tough

how MELANIN protected the body

protects against UV rays

Why does the skin have more blood vessels than it needs?

to regulate body temperature (a function of the skin)

typical sunburn, mild discomfort, some reddening

1st degree burn

deep epidermal and upper dermis, PAIN, blisters | damage to sweat glands, hair, & sebaceous glands

2nd degree burn

destruction of epidermis AND dermis may involve underlying muscle or bone NO pain bc of nerve death

3rd degree burn

2 types of special scars...

1-Keloid Scar | 2-Adhesions

a lumpy car, collagen is over-produced up OVER the surface, resulting in a "bubbly scar", genetic!!!

keloid scar

- an internal scarring in the abdomen - genetic!!! - post surgery, excess collagen can wind around organs such as ovaries and intestines - not common - must be cut out

adhesions

______ migrate to wound site and make NEW collagen to rebuild dermis then regrow new blood vessels and nerves

fibroblast

type of skin cancer: squamous cell carcinoma

- appearance: red scaly patch - nodule - slowest growing - most curable

type of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma

- appearance: bleeding, crusty patch | - refuses to heal ):

type of skin cancer: malignant melanoma

- so deadly because...it metastasizes quickly (it spreads) | - starts as Nevus (mole)

List the ABC's of mole awareness

A-asymetrical or irregular shaped (moles are symmetrical) B-border is ragged (mole borders=smooth) C-color is dark and uneven (more color=even) D-diameter greater than 6 mm (moles=less than 6mm)

the major causative agent of most skin cancers is _________

UV rays from the sun

Which hypothesis seemed most valid to you and why?

-cooling device hypothesis Because....it always made sense to me that we lost of "coat of fur" because of the adaptation to a hotter environment. A human would be cooler in a hot environment and in the beating sun with less hair on them. However, I didn't realize that the exposure of the naked skin increases heat gain, risks more damage from the sun's UV rays, and would lead to dehydration because of the increased sweating.