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Anatomy > Chapter 2: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

the basic principles of anatomy and physiology are ultimately based on ______

A

principles of chemistry

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2
Q

the major elements of the human body are….

A 
CHOPS CaN Cl I K Na Mg Fe 
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur)
(Calcium, Nitrogen)
(Chlorine, Iodine, Potassium)
(Sodium, Magnesium, & Iron)
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3
Q

inorganic molecules have no _____

A

C-C (Carbon Carbon bond) OR C-H (Carbon Hydrogen bond)

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4
Q

water formula

A

H2O

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5
Q

What two bonds are in a water molecule?

A

Hydrogen bond (weak) & Polar covalent bond (strong)

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6
Q

substance in which other substances dissolve

A

solvent (ex. H2O

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7
Q

substance that is dissolved

A

solute

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8
Q

a mixture where water is the solvent (universal)

A

aqueous solution

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9
Q

an aqueous solution containing NaCl (salt) and other molecules form the _____ of the body

A

“internal sea”

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10
Q

organic compounds contain what?

A

C-C or C-H covalent bonds

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11
Q

Cn(H2O)n

A

formula for carbohydrates

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12
Q

the body’s primary (first) source of energy

A

carbohydrates

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13
Q

glucose, fructose

A

monosaccharides / carbohydrates

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14
Q

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates

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15
Q

product of photosynthesis, substrate for cellular respiration

A

glucose

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16
Q

our primary energy, but is not immediately usable…it has to be processed

A

glucose

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17
Q

the sugar that sweetens fruit

A

fructose

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18
Q

a double sugar

A

disaccharide

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19
Q

what does “ose” mean?

A

sugar

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20
Q

glucose + fructose (common table sugar)

A

sucrose

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21
Q

glucose + galactose (major sugar in milk)

A

lactose

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22
Q

glucose + glucose (product of starch digestion)

A

maltose

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23
Q

liver and muscle cells form glycogen when there is excess glucose

A

polysaccharide

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24
Q

glycogen (liver) & starch (plants)

A

polysaccharide

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25
examples of ___ include: starches (potatoes, rice wheat), cellulose (cell walls of plants, wood)
polysaccharides
26
glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
triglycerides (fats)
27
stores energy, insulation and padding
function for triglycerides
28
can be used for energy, but not body's first choice
triglycerides (fats)
29
no double bonds in the fatty acid chains
saturated fat
30
sources=animal fat (examples: butter, crisco, lard, cheese)
saturated fats
31
at room temperature it's a solid
saturated fat
32
contains one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chains
unsaturated fat
33
one C=C bond (carbon carbon double bond)
monounsaturated
34
many C=C (carbon carbon double bond)
polyunsaturated
35
sources= plants (vegetable oils); glycerol
unsaturated fat
36
at room temp. it's a liquid
unsaturated fat
37
examples of unsaturated fats
olive oil, canola, sunflower, and peanut oil
38
HEART DISEASE =
SATURATED FAT
39
"good cholesterol", lipoprotein (fat protein)
HDL
40
carries cholesterol to liver and out!!!
HDL
41
"bad cholesterol", lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to blood vessels around the heart
LDL
42
man made, increases shelf life @ stores, tastes good, increases the crispy taste
transfats
43
similar to triglycerides but contain phosphorus
phospholipids
44
function: phospholipid bilayer in cell membrane
phospholipids
45
a large group of compounds whose principle component is cholesterol
steroids
46
it stabilizes the phospholipid bilayer, used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
steroids
47
the monomer of proteins
amino acids
48
R Group =
Protein
49
proteins =
polymer
50
there are 20 different amino acids because proteins are made of thousands of amino acids
proteins
51
R is the symbol for...
for what is different from 1 AA to another
52
(+) and (-) charges cause what to form?
hydrogen bonds
53
have complex shapes, can have areas that are polar and non polar; therefore have varied functions in the human body
proteins
54
functions of protein...
body structure, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
55
enzymes are ____which means that they help chemical reactions occur but are NOT reactants or products themselves!!
catalysts
56
a non-protein component of enzymes
cofactor
57
if the cofactor is organic=
coenzyme
58
relatively small molecules compared to the protein part of the enzyme
coenzyme
59
derived from vitamins!!!!!!!
coenzymes
60
make up part of the active site; without this the enzyme will not function
coenzyme
61
the basic building block is the nucleotide (monomer)
nucleic acids (polymer)
62
the nucleotide is made of what elements?
phosphate, sugar (5 carbon), and a nitrogen base
63
arranged in a double helix
DNA
64
functions: master code for assembling proteins & other nucleic acids (transmission of traits, heredity)
DNA
65
never double stranded
RNA
66
functions: carries message of DNA/acts as a template for assembly of proteins
RNA
67
single stranded, sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose), nitrogen bases are different
RNA
68
adenosine triphosphate
ATP
69
consists of adenine, 5 carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
ATP
70
ADP to ATP =
need glucose (+P)
71
ATP to ADP =
to get energy out
72
adenosine diphosphate
ADP
73
the sum total of an organism's chemical reactions, including ones that build and ones the breakdown
metabolism
74
used to make body structures, larger molecules, building reactions ex. A + B ----> AB
dehydration synthesis
75
A and B in dehydration synthesis come from the ____ of your food & ___ are used to bind them together
digestion; enzymes
76
in cells there is always -H's and -OH's attached to many reactants ( A & B )
dehydration synthesis | A-H + B-OH ---> AB + H(OH
77
water is eliminated (dehydration) each time we join atoms together
(synthesis)
78
used to break down molecules into usable molecules
hydrolysis
79
frequently enzymes are needed, ex...when you digest, you break down molecules into sizes that can be absorbed
hydrolysis
80
in cells, water is used.. | AB+HOH---> A-H + B-OH
hydrolysis
81
carbs
monosaccharides
82
proteins
amino acids
83
triglycerides (fat)
glycerol and fatty acid chains
84
used for energy, used to build bigger molecules for structures, function or storage
monomers
85
metabolism speed: efficient chemistry, burns calories
fast
86
metabolism speed: inefficient chemistry, stores calories instead of burning them (put on weight)
slow
87
ALWAYS non polar
lipids
88
enzymes =
proteins

Anatomy (5 decks)

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