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Anatomy > Chapter 2: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

the basic principles of anatomy and physiology are ultimately based on ______

A

principles of chemistry

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2
Q

the major elements of the human body are….

A 
CHOPS CaN Cl I K Na Mg Fe 
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur)
(Calcium, Nitrogen)
(Chlorine, Iodine, Potassium)
(Sodium, Magnesium, & Iron)
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3
Q

inorganic molecules have no _____

A

C-C (Carbon Carbon bond) OR C-H (Carbon Hydrogen bond)

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4
Q

water formula

A

H2O

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5
Q

What two bonds are in a water molecule?

A

Hydrogen bond (weak) & Polar covalent bond (strong)

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6
Q

substance in which other substances dissolve

A

solvent (ex. H2O

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7
Q

substance that is dissolved

A

solute

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8
Q

a mixture where water is the solvent (universal)

A

aqueous solution

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9
Q

an aqueous solution containing NaCl (salt) and other molecules form the _____ of the body

A

“internal sea”

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10
Q

organic compounds contain what?

A

C-C or C-H covalent bonds

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11
Q

Cn(H2O)n

A

formula for carbohydrates

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12
Q

the body’s primary (first) source of energy

A

carbohydrates

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13
Q

glucose, fructose

A

monosaccharides / carbohydrates

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14
Q

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates

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15
Q

product of photosynthesis, substrate for cellular respiration

A

glucose

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16
Q

our primary energy, but is not immediately usable…it has to be processed

A

glucose

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17
Q

the sugar that sweetens fruit

A

fructose

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18
Q

a double sugar

A

disaccharide

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19
Q

what does “ose” mean?

A

sugar

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20
Q

glucose + fructose (common table sugar)

A

sucrose

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21
Q

glucose + galactose (major sugar in milk)

A

lactose

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22
Q

glucose + glucose (product of starch digestion)

A

maltose

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23
Q

liver and muscle cells form glycogen when there is excess glucose

A

polysaccharide

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24
Q

glycogen (liver) & starch (plants)

A

polysaccharide

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25
Q

examples of ___ include: starches (potatoes, rice wheat), cellulose (cell walls of plants, wood)

A

polysaccharides

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26
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

A

triglycerides (fats)

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27
Q

stores energy, insulation and padding

A

function for triglycerides

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28
Q

can be used for energy, but not body’s first choice

A

triglycerides (fats)

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29
Q

no double bonds in the fatty acid chains

A

saturated fat

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30
Q

sources=animal fat (examples: butter, crisco, lard, cheese)

A

saturated fats

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31
Q

at room temperature it’s a solid

A

saturated fat

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32
Q

contains one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chains

A

unsaturated fat

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33
Q

one C=C bond (carbon carbon double bond)

A

monounsaturated

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34
Q

many C=C (carbon carbon double bond)

A

polyunsaturated

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35
Q

sources= plants (vegetable oils); glycerol

A

unsaturated fat

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36
Q

at room temp. it’s a liquid

A

unsaturated fat

37
Q

examples of unsaturated fats

A

olive oil, canola, sunflower, and peanut oil

38
Q

HEART DISEASE =

A

SATURATED FAT

39
Q

“good cholesterol”, lipoprotein (fat protein)

A

HDL

40
Q

carries cholesterol to liver and out!!!

A

HDL

41
Q

“bad cholesterol”, lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to blood vessels around the heart

A

LDL

42
Q

man made, increases shelf life @ stores, tastes good, increases the crispy taste

A

transfats

43
Q

similar to triglycerides but contain phosphorus

A

phospholipids

44
Q

function: phospholipid bilayer in cell membrane

A

phospholipids

45
Q

a large group of compounds whose principle component is cholesterol

A

steroids

46
Q

it stabilizes the phospholipid bilayer, used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

A

steroids

47
Q

the monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

48
Q

R Group =

A

Protein

49
Q

proteins =

A

polymer

50
Q

there are 20 different amino acids because proteins are made of thousands of amino acids

A

proteins

51
Q

R is the symbol for…

A

for what is different from 1 AA to another

52
Q

(+) and (-) charges cause what to form?

A

hydrogen bonds

53
Q

have complex shapes, can have areas that are polar and non polar; therefore have varied functions in the human body

A

proteins

54
Q

functions of protein…

A

body structure, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones

55
Q

enzymes are ____which means that they help chemical reactions occur but are NOT reactants or products themselves!!

A

catalysts

56
Q

a non-protein component of enzymes

A

cofactor

57
Q

if the cofactor is organic=

A

coenzyme

58
Q

relatively small molecules compared to the protein part of the enzyme

A

coenzyme

59
Q

derived from vitamins!!!!!!!

A

coenzymes

60
Q

make up part of the active site; without this the enzyme will not function

A

coenzyme

61
Q

the basic building block is the nucleotide (monomer)

A

nucleic acids (polymer)

62
Q

the nucleotide is made of what elements?

A

phosphate, sugar (5 carbon), and a nitrogen base

63
Q

arranged in a double helix

A

DNA

64
Q

functions: master code for assembling proteins & other nucleic acids (transmission of traits, heredity)

A

DNA

65
Q

never double stranded

A

RNA

66
Q

functions: carries message of DNA/acts as a template for assembly of proteins

A

RNA

67
Q

single stranded, sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose), nitrogen bases are different

A

RNA

68
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP

69
Q

consists of adenine, 5 carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

A

ATP

70
Q

ADP to ATP =

A

need glucose (+P)

71
Q

ATP to ADP =

A

to get energy out

72
Q

adenosine diphosphate

A

ADP

73
Q

the sum total of an organism’s chemical reactions, including ones that build and ones the breakdown

A

metabolism

74
Q

used to make body structures, larger molecules, building reactions
ex. A + B —-> AB

A

dehydration synthesis

75
Q

A and B in dehydration synthesis come from the ____ of your food & ___ are used to bind them together

A

digestion; enzymes

76
Q

in cells there is always -H’s and -OH’s attached to many reactants ( A & B )

A

dehydration synthesis

A-H + B-OH —> AB + H(OH

77
Q

water is eliminated (dehydration) each time we join atoms together

A

(synthesis)

78
Q

used to break down molecules into usable molecules

A

hydrolysis

79
Q

frequently enzymes are needed, ex…when you digest, you break down molecules into sizes that can be absorbed

A

hydrolysis

80
Q

in cells, water is used..

AB+HOH—> A-H + B-OH

A

hydrolysis

81
Q

carbs

A

monosaccharides

82
Q

proteins

A

amino acids

83
Q

triglycerides (fat)

A

glycerol and fatty acid chains

84
Q

used for energy, used to build bigger molecules for structures, function or storage

A

monomers

85
Q

metabolism speed: efficient chemistry, burns calories

A

fast

86
Q

metabolism speed: inefficient chemistry, stores calories instead of burning them (put on weight)

A

slow

87
Q

ALWAYS non polar

A

lipids

88
Q

enzymes =

A

proteins

Anatomy (5 decks)

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