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anat/phys prereq > Handout 1, Final Part (Midterm Feb 5) > Flashcards

Handout 1, Final Part (Midterm Feb 5) Flashcards

1
Q

most anterior segment of a vertebra

A

body

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2
Q

two parts, connected to the body of a vertebra

A

pedicles

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3
Q

two parts, connected to the pedicles

A

articular facets

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4
Q

laterally projecting processes of the vertebra

A

transverse process

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5
Q

two parts, connected to the articular facets of the vertebra

A

laminae

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6
Q

part of vertebra formed by the junction of the laminae

A

spinous process

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7
Q

the non-fusion of the lamina, a defect in the spinal column through which spinal cord tissue may protrude

A

spina bifida

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8
Q

31 pairs of these make up the PNS, carries information to and from the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

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9
Q

carries both incoming and outgoing signals to and from the CNS

A

mixed nerves

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10
Q

vertebral column consists of 24 of these

A

articulating vertebrae

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11
Q

the top 7 vertebrae

A

cervical vertebrae

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12
Q

12 vertebrae below the cervical

A

thoracic vertebrae

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13
Q

5 vertebrae below the thoracic

A

lumbar vertebrae

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14
Q

AKA for C1 vertebra

A

atlas

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15
Q

AKA for C2 vertebra

A

axis

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16
Q

part of the axis vertebra that the skull pivots on

A

dens

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17
Q

large triangular bone at the base of the spinal column, consisting of (usually) 5 fused vertebrae

A

sacrum

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18
Q

bottom of the sacrum connects to this bone

A

coccyx (tailbone)

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19
Q

12 pairs of nerves that connect to the brain

A

cranial nerves

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20
Q

incoming neurons, makes up one of the PNS’s two main divisions with their receptors

A

sensory/afferent neurons

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21
Q

outgoing neurons, makes up one of the PNS’s two main divisions with their receptors

A

motor/efferent neurons

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22
Q

system that sends motor neurons to skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system (SNS)

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23
Q

system that sends motor neurons to the blood vessels, heart, smooth muscles, viscera, and glands

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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24
Q

controls digestion and can function independently of other motor division systems

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

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25
Q

fight or flight division of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)

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26
Q

resting and digesting division of autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic nervous system (PaNS)

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27
Q

Effect of SyNS stimulation to the stomach and intestines

A

decreased motility and tone, contraction of sphincters

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28
Q

Effect of SyNS stimulation to urinary bladder

A

relaxation of muscular wall, contraction of sphincters

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29
Q

Effect of SyNS stimulation to arrector pili muscles

A

contraction/hair erection

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30
Q

Effect of SyNS stimulation to sex organs

A

ejaculation

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31
Q

Effect of SyNS stimulation to spleen

A

contraction and discharge of stored blood

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32
Q

Effect of SyNS stimulation to lungs, bronchial tissue

A

relaxation/airway dilation

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33
Q

Effect of PaNS stimulation to the stomach and intestines

A

increased motility and tone, relaxation of sphincters

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34
Q

Effect of PaNS stimulation to the urinary bladder

A

contraction of muscular wall, relaxation of sphincters

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35
Q

Effect of PaNS stimulation to arrector pili muscles

A

no known effect

36
Q

Effect of PaNS stimulation to sex organs

A

erectile tissue

37
Q

Effect of PaNS stimulation to spleen

A

no known effect

38
Q

Effect of PaNS stimulation to lungs, bronchial muscle

A

contraction/airway constriction

39
Q

term for “scar tissue”

A

sclerosis

40
Q

term for “causes”

A

etiologies

41
Q

term for “tingling”

A

paresthesia

42
Q

term for “loss of coordination of muscles”

A

ataxia

43
Q

partial motor paralysis

A

paresis

44
Q

extreme dizziness

A

vertigo

45
Q

term for “likely to change”

A

lability

46
Q

difficulty in speech articulation due to poor muscular control

A

dysarthria

47
Q

innermost layer of blood vessels, consists of endolethium

A

tunica intima

48
Q

smooth protective layer or blood vessel, makes up the tunica intima

A

endolethium

49
Q

the middle layer of blood vessels, consists of smooth muscle

A

tunica media

50
Q

outermost layer of blood vessel, consists of connective tissue

A

tunica adventitia

51
Q

microscopic blood vessels, walls are once cell thick

A

capillary

52
Q

band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries

A

precapillary sphincter

53
Q

cylindrical muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice, and relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning

A

sphincter

54
Q

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

55
Q

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

A

veins

56
Q

liquid matrix found in blood

A

plasma

57
Q

cells and cell fragments found in blood

A

formed elements

58
Q

blood cells produced by red bone marrow, contain hemoglobin, aka erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

59
Q

a protein in blood cells that transports oxygen

A

hemoglobin

60
Q

blood cells that perform immune functions, recognize and destroy invaders, aka leukocytes

A

white blood cells

61
Q

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

A

platelets

62
Q

the process of the stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

63
Q

blood vessel contractions as part of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm

64
Q

mass made of platelets, releases serotonin in order to cause a sustained contraction of vascular smooth muscle

A

platelet plug

65
Q

neurotransmitter involved in hemostasis, among other functions

A

serotonin

66
Q

one kind of plasma protein, creates clots when combined with platelets

A

fibrin

67
Q

liver cells, produce plasma proteins

A

hepatocytes

68
Q

fibrin mixing with platelets, allows permanent repair of damaged blood vessels

A

clot formation

69
Q

component that contains neither blood cells nor clotting factors but includes all proteins and other substances not used in blood clotting

A

serum

70
Q

an inherited disorder characterized by a permanent tendency to bleed

A

hemophilia

71
Q

term for “clotting”

A

coagulation

72
Q

term for “bleed”

A

hemorrhage

73
Q

a fibrin clot that forms within a blood vessel or the chambers of the heart

A

thrombus

74
Q

a dislodged thrombus, clump of tissue, gas bubble, fat globule, etc. that has lodged in a blood vessel and is obstructing it

A

embolus

75
Q

a sac-like enlargement of a blood vessel caused by a weakening of its wall

A

aneurysm

76
Q

any condition in which the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in the blood is reduced

A

anemia

77
Q

term for “paleness”

A

pallor

78
Q

a bluish hue to the skin, gums, fingernails, or mucous membranes caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood

A

cyanosis

79
Q

system consisting of lymphatic vessels, nodes, and associated tissue (ex: tonsils)

A

lymphatic system

80
Q

term for “fats”

A

lipids

81
Q

fluid surrounding cells

A

interstitial fluid

82
Q

term for “chest”

A

thorax

83
Q

an accumulation of an excessive amount of interstitial fluid

A

edema

84
Q

neck area

A

cervical region

85
Q

armpit area

A

axillary region

86
Q

groin area

A

inguinal region

anat/phys prereq (5 decks)

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