Hand Skills and Visual Perception Flashcards
How does motor control develop in a child?
From proximal to distal
From gross to specific
What are the five elements that hand skills require?
- Vision
- Somatosensation
- Sensory integration-registration
- Skeletal integrity and muscle function
- Postural control and body awareness
Identify the six hand skill patterns
- Reach
- Grasp
- Carry
- Voluntary release
- In-hand manipulation
- Bilateral hand use
Describe the hand skill pattern of “reach”
The extension and movement of the arm for grasping or placing objects
Like “carry”, to requires visual regard and midline orientation.
Describe the hand skill pattern of “grasp”
The attainment of an object with the hand
There are two types; power grasp (using the entire hand) and precision grasp (using the thumb and the finger tips)
Describe the hand skill pattern of “carry”
The transportation of an object from one place to another using the hands
Like “reach”, to requires visual regard and midline orientation.
Describe the hand skill pattern of “voluntary release”
The intentional letting go of an object at a specific time and place
The development includes:
- Initially release by stabilising on a surface
- Then without stabilising
- Continue to refine
- Become more controlled
Describe the hand skill pattern of “In-hand manipulation”
The adjustment of an object in the hand after grasping it
Describe the hand skill pattern of “bilateral hand use”
The use of both hands together to accomplish an activity
What are the five components of manipulation?
- Finger to palm translation
- Palm to finger
- Shift: linear movement of the object on the pads of fingers, buttons etc
- Simple rotation: bottle cap, puzzle piece etc
- Complex rotation: involves rotation 180 degrees - 360 degrees once or repetitively, pencil
What is bimanual action?
A bilateral hand skill
- Uses each hand differently in the task (eg one to stabilise one to manipulate an object)
- To do this, the child will need to be able to dissociate the two sides of the body
- Established around 17-18 months of age
What is simultaneous manipulation?
A bilateral hand skill
- Mature stage of bilateral hand use in which the hands are used for highly differentiated tasks (eg scissors)
Describe hand preference
The tendency to perform the majority of tasks with one hand for spontaneous untrained hand use. The more skilled hand becomes the more preferred hand.
Before the age of 6 we refer to this as hand preference, not handedness.
Describe handedness
When a child demonstrates a clear preference for one hand that has superior performance.
Handedness is usually established between 6-9 years of age.
Define mixed-handedness
When a person favours one hand for some tasks and the other hand for others.
Define ambidextrous
When there is no difference in the skill or performance between the hands.
What is visual perception made up of?
Visual reception and visual cognition
Define visual reception
Taking in initial visual information and organising it
Define visual cognition
Processing visual information to give meaning to it
What are the two types of visual perception?
- Object form/vision
2. Spatial vision
Describe object form perception
Initially recognising objects by their general appearance, and then developing the ability to recognise details
- It relies heavily on visual discrimination
- It is important for the development of reading and writing
What does object from perception include?
- Form constancy
- Visual closure
- Figure ground
Describe form constancy
Recognising forms/objects as the same even if they present in different sizes, positions and environments
Describe visual closure
Identifying objects from an incomplete presentation. It enables us to only see part of an object but still know what it is.
Describe figure ground
Differentiating between visual information in the foreground and background - separating the important visual information from the distracting surrounding information
Describe spatial vision
Developmental process of organising space
What does spatial vision include?
- Spatial relations
- Depth perception
- Topographic orientation
Describe spatial relations
Determining where we are located in relation to objects and directions (behind, infront, left, right etc)
Describe depth perception
Determining the relative distance between figures, objects, ourselves and landmarks. It helps us to understand how we move in space and navigate different environments/interaction with objects. eg catching a ball, knowing how far to kick a ball, parking etc.
Describe topographic orientation
Orientating ourself to the environment. Finding the toilet and making your way back to the classroom.
Define visual motor integration
The discrete motor skills to coordinate visual stimulus with corresponding motor action
Also sometimes referred to as hand-eye coordination
Define hand-eye coordination
The integration of visual perceptual information with the purposeful movements of the hand and arm
Also sometimes referred to as visual motor integration
