Haemostasis and coagulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is thrombosis

A

Formation of unwanted clots

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2
Q

What is the intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

Exposed collaged from injured blood vessel wall, test tube

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3
Q

What is the extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

Damaged tissue releases thromboplastin

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4
Q

What is the amplification cascade

A

1) Foreign substance in body
2) intrinsic clotting mechanism forms clotting factors
3) Extrinsic clotting mechanism releases thromboplastin
4) thromboplastin and clotting factors come together to turn Inactive X to Active X
5) Active X chops up prothrombin to thrombin which acts as an enzyme
6) Thrombin turns fibrinogen to fibrin which acts as a scaffold and forms blood clots

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5
Q

What is fibrinogen a risk factor for

A

CVD which means that there is an increase in the formation of clots

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6
Q

What reactions are platelets part of

A

Adhesion

Aggregation

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7
Q

What is the adhesion reaction like for platelets

A

Adhere to sub endothelial surface on damage/disease due to Von WIllebrand’s factor

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8
Q

What is the aggregation reaction like for platelets

A

Adhesion causes release reaction

  • ADP and thromboxane promote platelet aggregation
  • Leads to platelet mass to plug area of endothelial damage which promotes the coagulation reaction
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9
Q

What is coagulation involved in

A

Homeostasis- stops blood loss through damaged vessels

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10
Q

What tests are there to test blood

A
  • Bleeding time

- INR

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11
Q

What is bleeding time

-What causes an increased bleeding time

A

Incision in arm

-Platelet dysfunction

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12
Q

What Is INR

A

Time for coagulation follow addition of thromboplastin

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13
Q

Why are venous clots formed and what may they cause

A

Clots form in veins because of stasis of blood

-May cause pulmonary embolism

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14
Q

What risk is there for atrial fibrillation

A

Risk of ischaemic attack (stroke)

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15
Q

Where do arterial thromboses form

A

Atherosclerotic sites

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16
Q

What do arterial thromboses lead to

A

Arterial blockages which would lead to

  • Heart attack
  • Stroke
17
Q

How would atrial fibrillation lead to a cardioembolic stroke

A

If a clot forms in the left atria, it can break off and go to the brain

18
Q

What causes a pulmonary embolism

A

If clot is in right atrium

19
Q

What is venous thrombosis more caused. by

A

Coagulation factors (so would lead to DVTs)

20
Q

What are arterial thromboses more caused by

A

Platelets (so would lead to MIs and ischaemic strokes)

21
Q

What causes haemophilia A

A

Genetic cause- Carried on X chromosome so males are most affected and females are carriers

22
Q

What causes the symptoms of haemophilia A

A

Low or lacking Factor 8 of the clotting cascade

23
Q

What are the symptoms of haemophilia A

A

Haemorrhage and prolonged bleeding

24
Q

How to treat haemophilia A

A

Treat with factor 8 from blood donors

-Emicizumab (monthly injections)

25
Q

How does emicizumab act

A

Binds to activated factor 9

26
Q

What causes von Willebrand’s disease and its symptoms

A

Hereditary or defect in vWF

-BRuising, nose bleeds and mucosal bleeding

27
Q

How to treat von Willebrand’s disease

A

ADH and vWF

28
Q

How does liver disease influence blood

A

Reduces synthesis of clotting factors which leads to increased bleeding

29
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

Reduced platelet number

30
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia

A
  • VIral
  • Drug-induced
  • Toxins
  • Idiopathic
31
Q

What causes DIC

A

Large amounts of fibrin generated by procoagulant material such as amniotic fluid and so there’s a vast consumption of clotting factors and platelets

32
Q

How to treat DIC

A

Give platelets and fresh frozen plasma

33
Q

How to treat venous thrombosis

A

Use anticoagulant drugs

34
Q

How to treat arterial thrombosis

A

Use anti platelets