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Haematology > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

A 50-year-old individual is being investigated for a suspected bone marrow malignancy. Which of the following anatomical sites is most appropriate for bone marrow examination?

A

Posterior iliac crest

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2
Q

What is haemopoesis?

A

Formation of blood cells

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3
Q

What are the white cells?

A

Granulocytes; neutrophils, eosinophils, basocphils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes; B cells, T cells, NK cells

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4
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Primary haemostasis

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5
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

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6
Q

What are the different forms of haemopoiesis?

A

Myelopoiesis/ granulopoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis

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7
Q

What is are the life spans of red cells, neutrophils and platelets?

A

Red cells; 120 days
Neutrophils; 7-8 hours
Platelets; 7-10 days

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8
Q

What is a blast?

A

Nucleated precursor cell
Erythroblasts (Red cells)
Myeloblasts (granulocytes)

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9
Q

What is a megakaryocyte?

A

Platelet precursor

Polyploid

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10
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

Immediate red cell precursor

Results in polychromasia

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11
Q

What is a myelocyte?

A

Nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

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12
Q

What do all progenitors originally come from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

What is self renewal?

A

A property of stem cells; lost in descendent

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14
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Increase in cell numbers

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15
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Descendants commit to one of more lineages

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16
Q

What is maturation?

A

Descendens acquire functional properties and my stop proliferation

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17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Descendents undergo cell death

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18
Q

What are the sites of hematopoiesis in the foetus?

A

Mesoderm

Circulating progenitors detectable as early as week 5

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19
Q

What is the first site of erythroid activity?

A

Yolk sac

20
Q

At what point does the liver begin production of haempoiesis?

A

Week 6

21
Q

At what pooint does the bone marrow begin haemopoiesis?

A

Week 16

22
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Marrow within axial skeleton, pelvis and proximal long bones

23
Q

What is a bone marrow biopsy?

A

Mobilising stem cells from marrow into blood for collection and transportation

24
Q

What is the bone marrow?

A

Complex organ surrounded by a shell of bone with a neurovascular supply

25
Q

What are the components of the bone marrow under a microscope?

A

Haemopoietic cells
Non-haemopoietic cells; adipocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
Connective tissue matrix
Vascular elements

26
Q

What are the venous sinuses within the bone marrow?

A

Nutrient artery and periosteal network

Arterioles drain into sinuses; wide venous vessels which open into larger central sinuses

27
Q

What is the difference between capillaries and sinuses?

A

Sinuses are larger and have a discontinuous basement membrane

28
Q

How do mature cells from the marrow enter the circulation?

A

Formed blood cells can pass through fenestrations in endothelial cells to enter the circulation

29
Q

What is the release of red cells from the marrow associated with?

A

Sinusoidal dilation and increased blood flow

30
Q

How are neutrophils released from the marrow?

A

Actively migrate towards the sinusoid

31
Q

How do megakaryocytes release platelets into the circulation?

A

Extend long branching processes called proplatelets into the sinusoidal blood vessels

32
Q

What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?

A

Red (haemopoietically active) vs yellow (fatty inactive)

33
Q

How does the ratio of red to yellow marrow change with age?

A

Increase in yellow marrow with age; results in reduction in marrow cellularity in older individuals

34
Q

What is the myeloid; erythroid ratio?

A

Relationship between neutrophils and red cell precursors (changes from 1.5:1 go 3.3:1)

35
Q

Can the myeloid:erythroid ratio change?

A

Yes; can reverse in haemolysis as a compensatory response

36
Q

How is haemopoiesis regulated?

A

Intrinsic properties of cells (stem cells vs progenitor cells vs mature cells)
Signals from immediate surroundings = microenvironmental factors
Specific anatomical area for optimal developmental signals

37
Q

What regulates neutrophil maturation?

A

G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

38
Q

What regulates thrombopoiesis?

A

Thrombopoietin regulates growth and development of megakaryocytes from precursors

39
Q

What is the “niche” of hematopoietic stem cells that provides signals for expansion, differentiation or domancy?

A

Around vasculature (arteriole or sinusoid) and provides access to different signals (cytokines)

40
Q

Can the “niche” be altered?

A

Yes; in diseased states or with therapy

41
Q

How is haemopoiesis assessed (non-lymphoid mature cells)?

A

Blood count
Cell indices
Morphology
Bone marrow exam

42
Q

How are non-lymphoid cells assessed?

A

Blood count/ morphological assessment

43
Q

What is the use of immunophenotyping in hematopoiesis assessment?

A

Study of antigen expression; expression of antigens indicating lineage or state of development often required for lymphoid cells

44
Q

What is immunophenotyping?

A

Identifies patterns of antigen expression unique to a cell lineage
Uses antibodies in combination specific to different antigens

45
Q

What is the most appropriate technique to assign cell lineage?

A

Immunophenotyping

Haematology (31 decks)

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