Haemophilus & Other GNR Flashcards
Haemophilus General
Shape, requirements, where, trans, clinical
Shape: G- pleomorphic coccobacilli or rods
Requirements: fastidious, needs X factor (hemin) and/or V factor (NAD), increased CO2
Habitat: normal flora except for H. ducreyi
Transmission: person to person, H. ducreyi sexual contact
Clincal: H. influenzae - pneumonia, meningitis, otitis, sinitis | H. ducreyi - chancroid | H. aegyptius - conjunctivitis
Haemophilus Virulence Factors
two
Capsule: attachment, antiphagocytic
Pili and surface factors: attachment
Haemophilus Infection
3, and who
Epiglottitis
- Life threatening if blocks airways
- H. influenzae type B
- Can also see bacteremia
Conjunctivitis
- H. aegyptius
Pink eye
- Purulent discharge
- Mostly children
Chancroid
- H. ducreyi
- Genital lesion, papule with red base, ulceration, lymphadenopathy
- Africa and Asia, woman can be asymptomatic
HACEK Group Acronym
Haemphilus spp.
Aggregatibacter
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella
Kingella
HACEK Group Basics
Shape, requirements, where, trans, clinical
Shape: G-, coccobacilli/bacilli
Requirements: fastidious, some need heme, increased CO2
Where: normal flora of oral cavity, Eikenella and Cardiobacterium in GI and female genital tract
Transmission: endogenous, bites
Clinical: opportunistic - dental, slow endocarditis, soft tissue, bone and joints, septic arthritis (kingella)
Pasteurella Basics
Shape, requirements, where, trans
Shape: small or coccoid G- bacilli
Requirements: fastidious, heme and CO2
Habitat: nasopharynx of wild animals
Transmission: bite or scratch
P. multocida = cats
P. canis = dog
Pasteurella Infections
and virulence
Virulence factor: capsule
Infection
- Soft tissue: most common in normal population
- Cellulitis
- Systemic disease in immunocompromised: endocarditis, septicemia, meningitis
- Aggressive skin infection fast after bite
Brucella Basics
Shape, requirements, where, trans, animals
Shape: very small G- coccobacilli/rods
Requirements: strict aerobe, complex media, heme, CO2
Habitat: animals
Transmission: worldwide, eating raw milk/cheese, inhalation, direct contact, lab exposure
Animals
- B. abortus: cow
- B. melitensis: sheep/goat
- B. canis: dog
- B. suis: swine
Brucella Risk Factors
For each animal
B. abortus: cow
- Almost all gone from the US
- Some from wild bison and elk
B. melitenis: goat/sheep
- Pretty much gone
- Infections from consuming unpasteurized dairy from countries where disease is present
B. canis: dog
- Close contact with breeders, vet staff that help with birthing
B. suis: swine
- Wild hog hunters at risk
Brucella Virulence & Significance
Virulence: intracellular pathogen
Clinical: brucellosis, bioterrorism agent
Bioterrorism Agents
3 categories
Category A
- Highest priority
- Easy transmission, person to person
- High mortality, public panic, special action required
Category B: Brucella
- Second highest priority
- Moderately easy to disseminate
- Moderate morbidity rates, low mortlity
- Specific enhancements of CDC capacity and surveillance
Category C
- Third highest priority
- Includes emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination
- Availability, ease of production and dissemination
- Potential for high morbidity and mortality rate, major health impact
Brucella Infection: Brucellosis
And animal types
Acute: 1-3 week after exposure
- Malaise, chills, sweats, weight loss, nonproductive cough
- Relapse can happen 3-6 months after therapy
B. abortus and canis: milder
B. suis: chronic, destructive lesions
B. melitensis: acute, severe, complications
Francisella Tularensis Basics
Shape, requirements, where, trans
Shape: G- coccobacilli
Requirements: strict aerobe, complex media
Habitat: rodents, rabbits, beavers, ticks, North America, worldwide
Transmission: ingestion, handling carcasses, tick bites, infected animal bites
Francisella Tularensis Virulence and Infections
Three infections
Virulence: intracellular, capsule
Ulceroglandular tularemia: painful papule at site of inoculation, ulcer
Oculoglandular tularemia: from the eye, painful conjunctivitis
Pneumonic tularemia: pneumonitis, sepsis, rapid development, high mortality
Legionella Basics
Shape, requirement, where+survival, transmission, main species
Shape: pleomorphic, G- bacilli
Requirements: strict aerobe, require L-cysteine
Habitat and survival: aquatic, chlorine tolerance, can survive temperature, can survive in amoeba, biofilms
Transmission: inhale water, swallow water and into lungs, can also be in AC units in the air
Species: Legionella pneumophila
Legionella Virulence and Infection
2 infections
Virulence: intracellular
Asymptomatic infections: can be common
Pontiac fever
- Quick incubation
- Non pneumonic form of legionellosis
- Self limited, lasts ~1 week
Legionnaires disease
- Atypical pneumonia
- 2-14 incubation
- Higher mortality
Legionella Risk Factors
- 50 years or older
- Smoker (pneumonia)
- Men > women
- Immune system
- Chronic condition
Bordatella Basics
Type, species, where, trans, clinical
Type: strict aerobe, fastidious, coccobacilli
Species: B. pertussis, parapertussis, bronchiseptica
Where: respiratory pathogens
- Pertussis, parapertussis = human host
- Bronchiseptica = birds and mammals
Transmission: person to person, aerosols
Clinical: coughs
Bordatella Virulence
Pertussis toxin
- A and B subunits
- Inhibits recruitment of neutrophils and macros
- Then prolong inflammation by upregulating cyto/chemokines
- Causes tissue damage
Adenylate cyclase/hemolysis toxin: inhibits phagocytic killing and mono migration
Bordatella Infection
3 stages
Whooping cough: caused by pertussis and parapertussis
Has three stages
1. Catarrhal: like a cold, peak of bacteria
2. Paroxysmal: whooping cough
3. Convalescent: decrease, maybe secondary complications
Bartonella Basics
Type, species, where, trans, clinical
Type: rods, aerobic, fastidious
Species: B. quintana and henselae
Where: vectors
- quintana: human body louse
- henselae: cats and their fleas
Transmission: contaminated feces of human body louse, cat bites/scratches
Clinical: bacillary angiomatosis, trech fever, cat scratch disease
Bartonella Infection: Trench Fever
caused by, symptoms
Caused by Bartonella quintana
Symptoms: bad headache, fever, weakness, long bone pain, “urban trench fever”
- Found in homeless, alcoholic, poverty, poor hygiene
- Trench soldiers in WWI
Bartonella Infection: Cat Scratch
species, infection, comments
Caused by Bartonella henselae
Chronic regional lymphadenopathy
- Benign in children
- Mostly from kittens
Bartonella Infection: Bacillary Angiomatosis
- Vascular proliferative
- Immunocompromised
- Skin, subcutaneous tissue, and bones
- Pts often infected with HIV
- Knots of capullaries, benign
Streptobacillus Moniliformis Basics
Type, where, trans, clinical
Type: pleomorphic, beaded, long thin rods, aerobic fastidious
Where: nasopharynx of rats and rodents, animals that eat rats/rodents
Transmission: infected roden bites, contaminated food/water
Clinical: rat-bite fever, Haverhill fever
Streptobacillus Moniliformis Infection
Rat bite fever/Haverhill fever
Symptoms: chills, fever, joint, pain, redness
Haverhill fever: only through food/water
Treatment/Prevention
Vaccines: H. influenze type b, Brucella (animals), DTaP for Bordatella
Water management, insect repellent, food safety, antibiotics
