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Clinical Haematology > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

extra medullary haematopoiesis is?

A

haematopoiesis that occurs outside the bone marrow

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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

thymus and bone marrow

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3
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

adenoid tonsils
lymphatics
spleen
peyers patches

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4
Q

What is the primary lymphoid organs the site of?

A

immune cell production and development

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5
Q

Regarding bone marrow where are the sites of haematopoiesis?

A

pelvis
sternum
vertebrae
heads of femur

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6
Q

What is bone marrow

A

spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. includes immature blood cells and stromal cells. Stromal cells form extracellular matrix and secrete growth factors. include macrophages, fibroblasts adipocytes and endothelial cells

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7
Q

where can red marrow be found?

A

flat bones and heads of long bones, produces most blood cells

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8
Q

Where can yellow marrow be found?

A

in long bones, produces some white cells

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9
Q

What are immature t cells called?

A

thymocytes

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10
Q

the thymus has a _____ and a ______

A

cortex and a medulla

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11
Q

what occurs in the cortex?

A

Positive selection

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12
Q

What occurs in the cortex-medulla border?

A

Negative selection

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13
Q

what occurs in the medulla?

A

differentiation

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14
Q

where are most of the thymocytes?

A

in the medulla

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15
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

generate and select a repertoire of T-cells that protect the body from infection

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16
Q

T cell receptors recognise antigen ____ ______

A

MHC complexes

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17
Q

What does the cortex-medulla remove in negative selection?

A

T cells that have receptors that recognise self antigen MHC complexes

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18
Q

What is the collective name for positive and negative selection in the thymus?

A

Central tolerance

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19
Q

___% of the thymocytes die before reaching maturity

A

95

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20
Q

what is meant by thymic involution

A

The thymus decreases in size with age which contributes to a decline in immune function with old age

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21
Q

by what age is the thymus often completely replaced by fatty tissue?

A

70 years

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22
Q

What is the site of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymphocyte maturation, antigen entrapment and blood cell destruction

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23
Q

List the types of MALT

A 
peters patches
adenoid tonsils
appendix
lymphoid follicles in intestine
lymphoid follicles in mucous membranes lining he airways and genital tracts
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24
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

25
Q

about who much fluid is lost by the capillaries a day?

A

4L

26
Q

Where does the fluid from capillaries go?

A

travels in the lymphatic vessels and collects in thoracic duct and drains in subclavian vein

27
Q

When foreign antigens enter the lymph system where do they become trapped?

A

Lymph nodes

28
Q

what are the lymph nodes a site of?

A

activation and division of antigen activated B and T cells

29
Q

Only a few activated B cells find their way into the _________ ______ to meet activated __ cells that provide ____ help

A

germinal centres
T cells
B cell

30
Q

What do the B cells in germinal centres do?

A

divide to become plasma cells and secrete Ab to fight infection

31
Q

What is the lymph node packed with?

A

lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

32
Q

What are the three zones of the lymph node?

A

Cortex
Paracortex
Medulla

33
Q

what is in the cortex?

A

primary follicles containing B lymphocytes

after antigenic challenge these enlarge to form secondary follicles containing a germinal centre

34
Q

What is in the Paracortex?

A

T lymphocytes

35
Q

What is in the medulla?

A

macrophages

36
Q

Where can you find the spleen?

A

upper left abdominal cavity

37
Q

the spleen is the ______ _______ of blood int he body

A

largest filter

38
Q

the spleen plays a major role in what?

A

mounting an immune response to antigens in blood

storage of RBCs, neutrophils and platelets

39
Q

in the spleen the blood passes from what pulp to what pulp?

A

White pulp to red pulp, and re-enters circulation by passing across the endothelium into venous sinuses passing into the splenic vein

40
Q

Blood enters the spleen via?

A

the splenic artery giving rise to arterioles which end up in CORDS

41
Q

What is in the red pulp?

A

surrounds the artery forming a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) containing mainly t-lymphocytes.

42
Q

What occurs in Germinal centres?

A

B cell memory response

43
Q

What is in the marginal zone?

A

mainly B-cells and macrophages

44
Q

The cords in the red pulp are?

A

packed with macrophages and Ab-secreting plasma cells. Sinus walls act as a filter where only healthy deformable blood cells can squeeze out.

45
Q

MALT are what for pathogens?

A

major sites of entry

46
Q

MALT contains more _______ than the spleen lymph nodes, bone marrow combined.

A

Ab producing plasma cells

47
Q

Tonsils are located where?

A

within lingual, paladin and pharyngeal

48
Q

What is the structure of tonsils?

A

meshwork of reticular cells, fibres interspersed with lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes and mast cells

49
Q

what is the function of the tonsils?

A

defend against antigens entering through nasal and epithelial routes

50
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

process of the production of blood cells

51
Q

blood cells are derived from what type of stem cell?

A

pluripotent/multipotent

52
Q

the stem cell undergoes a commitment division to either a…

A

myeloid or a lymphoid progenitor

53
Q

Myeloid cells differentiate to:

A

granulocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytic (platelets), eythrocytes

54
Q

Lymphoid cells in the bone marrow differentiate to:

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

55
Q

Commitment of the stem cell to a myeloid/lymphoid progenitor depends on:

A

Gf and cytokines

56
Q

Stem cells grow on a mesh of..

A

STROMAL CELLS

57
Q

stroll cells provide:

A

haemopoietic growth factor

58
Q

What does haemopioietic growth factor not provide?

A

erythropoietin and thrombopoietin

59
Q

Where are erythropoietin and thrombopoietin synthesised?

A

erythropoietin - kidney

thrombopoietin - liver

Clinical Haematology (10 decks)

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