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JG EMQ revision > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Non-tender, firm, rubbery lymphadenopathy

Most Non-Hodgkins is B cell

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2
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

Pancytopenia w/ hypoplastic marrow

Infection/drugs/pregnancy

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3
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

Heinz bodies

Mediterranean/drugs

Haemolytic (normocytic) anaemia

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4
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

Autoimmune failure of intrinsic factor

Macrocytic anaemia

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5
Q

AIHA

A

MC in women and SLE

Normocyctic anaemia, spherocytosis, reticulocytosis

POSITIVE Coombs’ test

Cold agglutinins

jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, Raynaud phenomenon

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6
Q

Anaemia of Chronic Disease

A

Chronic inflammatory conditions / malignancy

Mild, normocytic anaemia

Diagnosis of EXCLUSION

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7
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Genetic defect in RBC membrane

NEGATIVE Coombs’ test

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8
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

Increased HbS

Haemolytic crisis/aplastic anaemia possible

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9
Q

Beta-thalassaemia major

A

Complete absence of beta-globin in Hb

Mediterranean, children

failure to thrive, bossing of skull, hepatosplenomegaly

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10
Q

Target cell

A

Thalasseamia

Liver disease

IDA

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11
Q

Microcytic, hypochromic cells

A

IDA

Thalassaemia

Sideroblastic anaemia

AoCD

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12
Q

Agglutination

A

AIHA (cold)

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13
Q

Rouleaux

A

Myeloma

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14
Q

Inclusion bodies/basophilic stippling

A

Lead poisoning

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15
Q

Tear drop cells

A

Myelofibrosis

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16
Q

Heinz bodies

A

G6PD deficiency +/- schistocytes

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17
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

Splenectomy

Haemolytic anaemia

Laeukaemias

Thalassaemia

Pernicious anaemia

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18
Q

Reed-Sternberg cell

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

19
Q

Auer bodies

A

AML

20
Q

Burr cells

A

Uraemia

21
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

B symptoms, 20-30yo

painless, firm, rubbery lymphadenopathy

CONFIRM = BIOPSY

22
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Mc in 70s, EBV, H. Pylori

Painless lymphadenopathy

CONFIRM = BIOPSY

23
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

Sub-Saharan africa

EBV!!!

Particularly affects the jaw

24
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Bence-Jones proteins

lytic lesions

Hypercalcaemia, renal failure, anaemia, bony pain

CONFIRM = electrophoresis

25
Q

Myelofibrosis

A

pancytopenia + infection

Massive hepatosplenomegaly

Tear drop poilikocytes

CONFIRM = bone marrow aspirate/trephine biopsy

26
Q

Myelodysplasia

A

Non-specific symptoms of BM failure

Blood film + BM aspirate

27
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

A

CHILDREN

Pancytopenia, lymphadenopathy, CNS invasion (headache, meningism, palsies), bony pain

CONFIRM = BM aspirate –> hypercullular with 20% blasts

28
Q

Acute myeloid leukaemia

A

ADULTS

Symptoms marrow fialure, rapid progression

Auer rods are pathognomonic

29
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A

Anaemia, infection, painless lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly

Blood film –> mature lymphocytosis

CONFIRM = BM aspirate –> +++ lymphocytes

30
Q

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

A

Philadelphia chromosome

Massive splenomegaly, anaemia, bruising, infection

Blood film –> myeloblasts (granulocytic)

CONFIRM = BM aspirate –> hypercellular with increased myeloid:erythroid ratio

31
Q

Coagulation screen

Heparin

A 
INR +
PT ++
APTT ++
Platelets =
Bleeding time =
32
Q

Coagulation screen

DIC

A 
INR ++
PT ++
APTT ++
Platelets =/-
Bleeding time +
33
Q

Coagulation screen

Liver disease

A 
INR +
PT =/+
APTT +
Platelets =/-
Bleeding time =/+
34
Q

Coagulation screen

Haemophilia

A 
INR =
PT =
APTT ++
Platelets =
Bleeding time =
35
Q

Coagulation screen

Vit K deficiency

A 
INR ++
PT =
APTT +
Platelets =
Bleeding time =
36
Q

Coagulation screen

von Willebrand disease

A 
INR =
PT =
APTT ++
Platelets =
Bleeding time =
37
Q

Coagulation screen

Platelet defect

A 
INR =
PT =
APTT =
Platelets = 
Bleeding time +
38
Q

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

Purpuric rash and bleeding from skin/mucous membranes (can be more severe!)

Normal PT, normal APTT (clotting cascade unaffected)

INCREASED bleeding time

39
Q

Aetiology of IDA

A

Women = menstrual blood loss, pregnancy/lactation (inc. iron requirement)

Men = GIT blood loss / cancer

Children = inc. iron requirement

40
Q

Presentation of Thalassaemia

A

Splenomegaly (inc. RBC destruction)

Heart failure (Fe deposition)

Bone deformities (inc. marrow activity)

Slowed growth rates

41
Q

Diagnosis of Thalassaemia

A

FBC - low Hb, low MCV, iron studies (iron overload)

*****Hb electrophoresis

42
Q

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

ADAMTS-13 deficiency = +++ vWF

INCREASED bleeding time, thrombocyopenia

The Terrible Pentad (anaemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, neuro Sx, renal dysfunction)

Blood film –> schistocytes

43
Q

How do you stage Hodgkin’s disease?

A

Stage I –> 1 lymph node area/organ

Stage II –> 2+ lymph nodes same side of diaphragm

***NB: add E to the above if found in extra-lymph organ

Stage III –> 2+ lymph nodes on both sides of diagram

Stage IV –> wide spread into 1+ organs outside of lymph system

***NB: add B if B symptoms present (10% wt loss in 6mo, PUO >38C, night sweats)

44
Q

What are the types of vWD?

A

Type I –> heterozygous, reduced levels vWF

Type II –> Normal vWF levels w/ structural abnormality

Type IIA –> Abnormaly synthesis / proteolysis

Type IIB –> Increased function of vWF (spontaneous plt binding)

Type III –> homozygous disease, spontaneous bleeding

JG EMQ revision (14 decks)

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