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BCDE Finals > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Shistocytes

A

intravascular haemolysis
COLD- AIHA
DIC

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2
Q

Reed-Sternberg

A

multinucleated
CD30 and CD15 positive
Hodgkin Lymphoma

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3
Q

Tear drop

A

extramedullary erythropoeisis or marrow failure

myelofibrosis

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4
Q

Atypical lymphocytes

A

infectious mononucleosis

CMV

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5
Q

Asbestos bodies

A

lung biopsy
dumbbell shaped
encasement of fibres by iron material

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6
Q

Target cells

A 
dark centre with a white ring around
liver disease
thalassaemia
post-splenectomy
iron deficiency
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7
Q

Acanthocytes

A

spiky RBS- unstable membranes
hypothyroidism
alcoholic liver
splenectomy

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8
Q

Heinz bodies

A

RBC with denatured haemoglobin inside- tiny red blobs

Haemolytic anaemia

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9
Q

Howell-Jolly Body

A 
basophil spot in RBC
asplenia
sickle cell
severe heamolytic anaemia
hereditary spherocytosis
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10
Q

Myeloid hyperplasia

A

Infection

Chronic blood loss

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11
Q

Auer rods

A

AML

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12
Q

Rouleaux

A

Multiple myeloma

Stacking together causes a raised ESR.

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13
Q

Lymphocytic

A

lymphocytes

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14
Q

Myeloid

A

neutrophils

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15
Q

ALL

A 
80% of kiddies
CNS involvement
lymphadenopathy
hepato/splenomegaly
pancytopaenia
ACUTE LYMPHOCYTE BLASTS
Ix: lumbar puncture, bone marrow
Treatment VADS- 80% cure
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16
Q

AML

A 
adults
increased risk with age
ACUTE NEUTROPHIL BLASTS
Ix: blasts in blood, bone marrow biopsy, cytogenetics
Rx: CAD 4x for 4-6 weeks.
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17
Q

CLL

A 
Commonest leukaemia
CHRONIC MATURE LYMPHOCYTES
B cells
Men
Lymphadenopathy and big spleen/liver
Rx: Chlorambucil
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18
Q

CML

A

CHRONIC MATURE NEUTROPHILS
75% have a massive spleen
Anaemia
Rx: IMATINIB (glivec)

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19
Q

T (9:22) Philadelphia

A

increased TK activity
Found in blood/bone marrow cytogenetics
Good sign in CML
Bad sign in ALL

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20
Q

Hodgkin

A

Alcohol makes otherwise non-tender nodes bad
reed sternberg to diagnose
ann-arbor staging
Rx: RCHOP

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21
Q

Non-Hodgkin

A

No Reed Sternberg
Systemic symptoms
auto immune/ infectious associations

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22
Q

Leucophoresis

A

used when very high WCC

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23
Q

Chlorambucil

A

CLL
non-hodgkin
hodgkin

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24
Q

Rituximab

A

CD20 on B cell antibody
R of RCHOP
Multiple myeloma

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25
Q

Allogenic stem cell transplant

A

human donor matched

high dose chemo first

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26
Q

Radiotherapy works for

A

lymphoma NOT leukaemia

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27
Q

Intrathecal chemotheray

A

CNS leukaemia/lymphoma

methotrexate

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28
Q

Thalidomide

A

multiple myeloma

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29
Q

Complications of chemo

A

Agranulocytosis
Fungal chest infection
Fungal infection
CMV infection

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30
Q

Beta thalassaemia major

A

before 1 years old
both beta globin genes
anaemia
extra-medullary haemopoeisis

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31
Q

treatment for thalassaemia

A 
transfusions
desferioxamine (iron chelation)
folic acid
splenectomy
bone marrow transplant
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32
Q

circulatory overload

A

too much iron

need desferrioxamine

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33
Q

megaloblastic

A

B12 and Folate

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34
Q

non-megaloblastic macrocytic

A 
alcohol
pregnancy
hypothyroidism
reticulocytosis
cytotoxics
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35
Q

Blind loop syndrome

A

deficiencies of fat, B12, Iron

caused by surgery, IBD, scleroderma, diverticulosis

36
Q

Types of haemolytic anaeamia

A 
Bad membrane- spherocytosis
Bad Hb production- thalassaemia, sickle
Bad metabolism- G6PD
Autoimmune- Hot and Cold
Malaria
37
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

dactylitis
heamolytic anaemia
vaso-occlusive crisis
aplastic crisis (parvo B19)

38
Q

Dactylitis

A

before 4 years
Sickle
self-limiting

39
Q

HbA2

A

normal variant

increased in sickle cell and beta thalassaemia

40
Q

Direct coombs test

A

detects Abs on RBCs

autoimmune haemolysis

41
Q

Indirect coombs

A

looks for Abs in the serum

checks for transfusion compatability

42
Q

warm AIHA

A

lymphoma
CLL
SLE

43
Q

cold AIHA

A

lymphoma
mycoplasma
EBV

Intravascular

44
Q

Acquired aplastic anaemia

A

EBV, HIV
Pregnancy
Sickle cell crisis
Toxins

45
Q

Congenital aplastic anaemia

A

Fanconi

Diamond-Black

46
Q

Crohns

A

terminal ileum

Fe Fo Fu (B12)

47
Q

Anti-cardiolipin Ab

A

antiphospholipid

SLE

48
Q

ANA

A

SLE
Sjogrens
Scleroderma

49
Q

Antithrombin 3 deficiency

A

severe clotting as infant (AD gene)

50
Q

Autoimmune thrombocytopaenia

A

Easy bruising and petechial rash

Transfusions uselss because they eat them all up.

51
Q

Factor V Leiden

A

clotting
recurrent miscarriages
No treatment
don’t use the OCP

52
Q

Haemophilia A

A

X linked
Factor 8 deficiency
Increased APPT
INTRINSIC

53
Q

Haemophilia B

A

Factor 9

give factor 9

54
Q

Von Willebrand’s disease

A

vWF usually binds to F8 and mediates platelet-collagen adhesion
Can’t do this–> Can’t clot–> will bleed

Rx: Desmopressin, transexamic acid, vWF and F8

55
Q

Multiple myeloma

A 
lower back pain
bruising
bence-jones proteins in urine
rouleaux
osteolytic bone lesions
plasma cell infiltration of bone marrow
56
Q

Leukoerythroblastic changes

A

BM infiltration

due to Myeloma, myelofibrosis, extramedullary haemopoeisis

57
Q

Monoclonal paraprotein

A

Abnormal Ig fragment/light chain

BJP in urine

58
Q

PRV

A 
erythroid hyperplasia
30% will get myelofibrosis
Jak 2 mutation in over 90%
Ruddy complexion
Pruritis
75% have splenomegaly
EVERYTHING blood related in raised
Low EPO
59
Q

Treatment for PRV

A

Repeated venesections PCV<0.45

Hydroxyurea (stops thrombosis)

60
Q

Radioactive phosphorus

A

PRV

61
Q

Essential thrombocythaeamia

A

Jak 2
Platelets increased
Livido reticularis
Thrombosis and ischaemic necrosis

62
Q

Myelofibrosis

A

Extramedullary haemapoeies

Need a splenectomy

63
Q

Jak 2 mutation

A

90% PRV

50% ET

64
Q

Osmotic fragility test

A

Herditary spherocytosis

65
Q

Paul Bunnel test

A

EBV

sheep RBC

66
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immature RBCS

67
Q

Ferritin

A

Raised: infection, haemachromatosis, alcoholic liver, transfusions
Low in: hypothyroid, vit C deficiency, coeliac disease

68
Q

Serum haptoglobins

A

Haemolytic anaemia test
Protein that binds free Hb
Normal: extravascular
Low: intravascular

69
Q

Urinary haemosiderin

A

chronic intravascular haemolysis

70
Q

Serum EPO

A

CKD

RCC

71
Q

FFP

A

-30 degrees
clotting factor
Liver disease, DIV, Vit K deficiency

72
Q

Octaplex

A

F2 F7 F9 F10 pC pS
reverses warfarin
from FFP

73
Q

Graft vs. Host

A

4-30 days
DONOR against recipient
pain, nausea, vomiting, skin changes, lichen planus

74
Q

Treatment for GVHD

A

Cyclosporin A

bone marrow transplant GVHD

75
Q

Sulphonamides can cause

A

neutropaenia
haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopaenia

76
Q

Carboxyhaemoglobin

A

binds O2 preferentially

SMOKERS

77
Q

Hand, Foot and Mouth

A

ITP

78
Q

Sarcoid and blood

A

LOW lymphocytes, WCC, Hb, platelets

79
Q

Retinoic acid for:

A

Anaemia
Thrombocytopaenia
Thrombocytosis

80
Q

Serum tryptase

A

anaphylaxis

81
Q

Reynaud’s phenomenon

A

Cold AIHA

Vasculitides

82
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

myofibroblastic proliferation

83
Q

Erythema multiforme

A 
Infection
Drugs
NHL
Leukaemia
Multiple myeloma
PRV
84
Q

Erythrodermic psoriasis

A

lymphoma and leukaemia

85
Q

Pseudofractures

A

Thickening around incomplete fracture

might look a bit like myeloma.

BCDE Finals (11 decks)

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