Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer Care > Haematological Malignancies > Flashcards

Haematological Malignancies Flashcards

1
Q

Define Lymphoma

A

A clonal proliferation of lymphoid cells. There are two types: Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Reed-sternberg cells are seen in Hodgkin lymphoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Reed-sternberg cells

A

Giant cells found with light microscope in biopsies. They are CD15 and CD30 positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are usually involved in low-grade lymphoma?

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cells are usually involved in high grade lymphoma?

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ‘lymphoma paradox’?

A

High-grade lymphoma is more curable than low-grade lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the histopathological classifications of lymphoma?

A

Mantle cell
Follicular
Marginal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Affects males more than females and most people are diagnosed between the ages of 15-34 or over 60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the risk factors for classical Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Past infection with EBV
Low Immunity - HIV, transplantation
Autoimmune disease
Family History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How might a person with classical Hodgkin lymphoma present?

A

Lymphadenopathy - neck, armpit, groin, mediastinum
B symptoms - fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss (>10% in last 6 months)
Pain after drinking alcohol in areas of the body that contain lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Characterise the fevers in Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Come and go, lasting from a few days to 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma?

A 
Chemotherapy
A - doxorubicin (adriamycin)
B - bleomycin
V - vinblastine
 D - dabarbazine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does rituximab work?

A

Locks on to CD20, a target protein found in B cells, and triggers the body’s immune system to attack the cells and destroy them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the molecular cause of Mantle cell lymphoma?

A

A gene translocation which leads to cells making too much cycling D1 which leads to uncontrolled growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much would you expect Hb to rise with 1 unit of packed red cells?

A

10 Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the threshold for transfusion?

A

<70 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the risks of blood transfusion?

A

Immune reaction, circulatory overload, blood type/blood bag mismatch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is irradiated blood and why is it required ?

A

Blood subjected to radiation to stop any remaining donor white blood cells dividing, to prevent TF-GvHD.

20
Q

What is TA-GvHD?

A

Transfusion Associated Graft vs Host Disease. Donor white blood cells attack your own tissues.

21
Q

What are the indications for using irradiated blood?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma, transplant including bone marrow transplant, specific chemotherapies e.g. Clabribine

22
Q

What is the expected increment for one dose of platelets?

A

20-30 x 10(9)/L

23
Q

What else should you ask about when considering whether to give platelets, other than the count?

A

Uraemia

Drug history

24
Q

What are the risks of platelet transfusion?

A

Bacterial infection - because they are stored at room temperature
Transfusion reactions
TRALI (transfusion related acute lung injury)
Can develop antibodies to platelets

25
Q

What are the laboratory findings in tumour lysis syndrome?

A

High phosphate, potassium, urate

Low calcium

26
Q

What factors make patients at higher risk of developing tumour lysis syndrome?

A 
High tumour burden: haematological malignancies, bulky chemo-receptive tumours
Renal impairment
Pre-treatment hyperuricaemia
Hypovolemia - Pre-treatment diuretic use
Pre-treatment LDH high
27
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

A

Constipation, abdominal pain, fatigue
N&V
Headaches, confusion
Polyuria, polydipsia

28
Q

Define leukaemia

A

Increase in the number of white blood cells (clonal proliferation)

29
Q

How are leukaemia’s classified?

A

Myeloid or lymphoid

Acute or chronic

30
Q

What does ALL stand for?

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

31
Q

Define ALL

A

Proliferation of lymphoid blasts (precursors of B or T cells)

32
Q

Describe the symptoms of ALL

A

Pancytopenia
Bone and joint pain
Headaches

33
Q

What diagnostic test would you order for All?

A

Bone marrow aspirate

34
Q

What mutation is often involved in ALL?

A

Chromosome translocation 9:22 = philadelphia chromosome. Creates BCR-ABL gene.

35
Q

What does AML stand for?

A

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

36
Q

What are the symptoms of AML?

A

Pancytopenia
Fever and sweats
Rarely: aching joints and bones, lymphadenopathy

37
Q

What bloods should you order in a case of pancytopenia?

A

B12 and folate, ferritin
LDH
Urate
Coagulation screen

38
Q

What are the risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Past infection with EBV
Low Immunity - HIV, organ transplant
Autoimmune disease e.g. RA, SLE
Family History

39
Q

Define CLL

A

Increase in the number of mature lymphocytes (over 5 x 10^9/L)

40
Q

What types of cells are most commonly involved on CLL?

A

B cells

41
Q

What is MBL?

A

Monoclonal B lymphocytosis

42
Q

Describe the presentation of CLL?

A 
Asymptomatic OR
Fatigue, SOB
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
Repeated infections
B symptoms
43
Q

What would indicate a need for a shift from active monitoring to treatment?

A 
Hb < 10
Plt < 100
Significant LN, massive Splenomegaly
Doubling time < 6 months
Infections
Autoimmune
43
Q

What would indicate a need for a shift from active monitoring to treatment?

A 
Hb < 10
Plt < 100
Significant LN, massive Splenomegaly
Doubling time < 6 months
Infections
Autoimmune
43
Q

What would indicate a need for a shift from active monitoring to treatment?

A 
Hb < 10
Plt < 100
Significant LN, massive Splenomegaly
Doubling time < 6 months
Infections
Autoimmune
44
Q

Which enzyme is increased in lymphomoproliferative disease?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

45
Q

How is treatment response measured in a patient with NHL?

A

LDH

Cancer Care (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions