Haematological cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different classifications of blood cancers?

A

Acute Vs. Chronic
Lymohoblastic/cytic Vs. myeloid
Lymphomas

All WBCs are myeloid except B and T lymphocytes

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2
Q

What is associated with ALL?

A

Ionising radiation during pregnancy
Down’s syndrome
Childhood

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of ALL?

A

Anaemia (low Hb), infection (low WCC), bleeding (low platelets)
Hepato/splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy (mediastinal)
CNS involvement - CN palsies, meningism

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4
Q

What tests should be done for suspected ALL?

A

Blood film - blast cells
CT/CXR - lymphadenopathy
Lumbar puncture - CNS involvement

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5
Q

How is ALL treated?

A

Remission induction: Vincristine, predinisolone
CNS prophylaxis: methotrexate, RT
Maintenance: As above with mercaptopurine as well (monthly)
Marrow transplantation

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6
Q

What is associated with AML?

A

Down’s
Long term complication of CT (for lymphoma)
Myelodysplastic states

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of AML?

A

Anaemia, infection, bleeding, DIC (release of thromboplastin)
Hepato/splenomegaly
Gum hypertrophy
Skin involvement

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8
Q

What tests should be done for suspected AML?

A

Biopsy - Auer rod differentiate it from ALL

Raised WCC, blasts normally in the marrow

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9
Q

How is AML treated?

A

Chemotherapy: intensive (leads to neutropenia and low platelets) - daunorubicin, cytarabine
Bone marrow transplant

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10
Q

What do tests show to indicate myelodysplastic syndromes?

A

Pancytopenia, low reticulocytes, increased marrow cellularity

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11
Q

How are myelodysplastic syndrome treated?

A

RBC/platelet transfusions
Erythropoietin
Stem cell transplant

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12
Q

What medication should be given with CT for AML?

A

Allopurinol (for gout)

Raised levels of urate following tumour lysis

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13
Q

What is associated with CML?

A

Male
40-60 years
Philadelphia chromosome - BCR-ABL gene

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14
Q

What is the philadelphia chromosome?

A

Reciprocal translation of long arms of 9 and 22

Produces a fusion forming gene -> tyrosine kinase activity

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of CML?

A

Weightloss, fever, sweats
Gout (purine breakdown), bleeding, abdominal discomfort
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anaemia, bruising

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16
Q

What tests should be done for CML?

A

High Wbc, B12, urate

Low/normal Hb, platelets

17
Q

How is CML treated?

A

Imatinib - for Philadelphia chromsome
(dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, also hydroxycarbamide)
Stem cell transplant and ALL treatment

18
Q

What is CLL associated with?

A

Most common

Mutations, trisomies, deletions

19
Q

What are the symptoms of CLL?

A

May be none
Anaemia, infection prone, weight loss, sweats, anorexia
Enlarged, rubbery, non-tender nodes
Spleno/hepatomegaly

20
Q

What tests should be done for CLL?

A

Raised lymphocytes

AI haemolysis, marrow infiltration, low Hb, neutrophils, platelets

21
Q

How is CLL treated?

A

Fludaribine, retuximab, cyclophosphamide
Steroids for AI haemolysis
RT for spleno/hepatomegaly
Stem cell transplant

22
Q

What cells are found in Hodgkin’s lymphone (HL)?

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (have 2x mirror image nuclei)

CD15 markers

23
Q

What are the associations of HL?

A

Young adults, elderly

Affected sibling, EBV, SLE, post-transplant

24
Q

What are the symptoms of HL?

A

Enlarged, non-tender ‘rubbery’ superficial lymph nodes (cervical, axillary)
Fever, weight loss, night sweats, pruritis, lethargy
Lymphadenopathy, cachexia, anaemia, spleno/hepatomegaly

25
What tests should be done HL?
Lymph node excision biopsy Bloods - high ESR, low Hb High LDH - high cell turnover
26
How is HL treated?
RT with short courses of Chemo Longer courses of chemo - ABVD Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine
27
What are some associations with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)?
Normally B cell lymphomas Immunodeficiency - HIV, drugs H.pylori, toxins, congenital
28
What are the symptoms of NHL?
Superficial lymphadenopathy Extranodal disease: - gastric MALT (H. pylori) - non-MALT gastric lymphomas - Small bowel lymphomas Fever, night sweats, weight loss (less common than HL) Pancytopenia - anaemia, infection bleeding (low platelets)
29
What tests should be done for NHL?
Bloods - LDH = increased cell turnover | Marrow and node biopsy
30
How is NHL managed?
RT - localised disease Chlorambucil - diffuse disease IFN-a/retuximab - remission maintenance High grade: R-CHOP Retuximab, cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone
31
What Abs are found in myeloma?
IgG or IgA
32
What are the symptoms of myeloma?
``` Osteolytic bone regions - backache Hypercalcaemia Anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia Recurrent bacterial infections Renal impairment ```
33
What do tests for myeloma show?
Normocytic, normochromic anaemia | High ESR, urea, creatinine, calcium
34
How is myeloma treated?
CT - lenalidomide, bortezomib, dexamethasone Bisphosphonate Treat symptoms Stem cell transplant