Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 2 (again) > Haem cancers > Flashcards

Haem cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Define myeloma

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Increased Ig secretion and lytic bone lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathology of myeloma

A
  1. Increased osteoclast activity (next to myeloma cells) - lytic bone lesions and hypercalcaemia
  2. Ig secretion - renal problems and hyperviscosity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical features of myeloma

A

CRAB

  • Calcium (hypercalcaemia) - stones, groans, bones and psychic groans, thirst constipation, nausea
  • Renal impairment - oedema, decreased UO, dehydration
  • Anaemia + neutropaenia + thrombocytopaenia - recurrent bacterial infection
  • Bone disease - osteolytic bone lesions (backache, fractures), pepperpot skull, OP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Investigations for myeloma

A
  1. Bloods - reduced Hb, WCC, increased Ca, U&E, ESR
  2. Xray (first line) - pepperpot skull, vertebral collapse, lytic punched out lesions
  3. Serum protein electrophoresis - Ig monoclonal band
  4. Serum urine electrophoresis - Bence-Jones’ protein
  5. Bone marrow biopsy - increased plasma cells
  6. Blood film - rouleaux stacks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Management of myeloma

A
  1. Chemo
    - CTD (8 cycles) - cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, dexamethasone
    - VAD (6 cycles) - velcade, adriamycine, dexamethasone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Management of myeloma complications

A
  1. Hypercalcaemia - IV fluids
  2. AKI - fluids/dialysis
  3. Hyperviscosity - plasmapheresis
  4. Spinal cord compression - MRI, dexamethasone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Supportive treatment of myeloma

A
  1. Anaemia - transfusion
  2. Bone pain - analgesia + bisphosphonates
  3. Infections - Abx, regular Ig infusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Malignant proliferation of mature lymphocytes in the lymphatic system. Reed-Stenberg cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epidemiology of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Peaks in young adults and the elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Primary + secondary immunodeficiency
  2. Autoimmune
  3. Infection - EBV
  4. Obesity, FHx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Staging (Ann Harbour) of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Single node or site
  2. > 2 nodes on the same side of diaphragm
  3. > 2 nodes on both sides of diaphragm
  4. Disseminated/diffuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

‘A’ symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Enlarged, painless, non-tender rubbery lymph nodes. Worsen with alcohol (can become painful)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

B symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Fever
  2. Night sweats
  3. Weight loss
  4. Lethargy/malaise
    B symptoms have worse prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Management of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. 1-2a = brief chemo/radiotherapy
  2. 2b-4 = longer cycles of chemo
  3. BMT for relapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Signs of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Hepatosplenomegaly
  3. Lymphadenopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Investigations of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Lymph node biopsy - Reed-Stenberg cells
  2. FBC
  3. CT chest, abdo, pelvis for staging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Any lymphoma that isn’t hodgkin’s lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epidemiology of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

> 40y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Low grade : follicular
  2. High grade : diffuse large cell B lymphoma
  3. Very high grade : Burkitt’s lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pathology of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

70% B cell. Clonal expansion of lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Signs and symptoms of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Similar to hodgkin’s lymphoma

  1. GI involvement (if small bowel lymphoma) - abdo pain, diarrhoea, vomiting
  2. Skin involvement if T cell lymphoma
22
Q

Investigations for non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Lymph node biopsy
  2. CT
  3. FBC
23
Q

Management of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Same as hodgkin’s lymphoma + rituximab + steroids

24
Q

Define leukaemia

A

All cancers of white blood cells

25
4 types of leukaemia
1. Acute myeloid leukaemia 2. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 3. Chronic myeloid leukaemia 4. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
26
Define ALL
Acute malignant transformation of lymphocytic blast cells (no maturation at all). More common in children.
27
Pathology of ALL
Uncontrolled proliferation of T/B cells -> takes up space in bone marrow (anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, neutropaenia) + blasts in the peripheral blood and aggregation in liver, spleen, lymph nodes and thymus (T cells)
28
Causes of ALL
1. Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22) translocation | 2. 20x higher risk with Down's syndrome
29
Symptoms of ALL
1. Fatigue 2. Bleeding 3. Palpitations 4. Infections 5. Bone pain 6. Abdominal fullness (from hepatosplenomegaly)
30
Signs of ALL
1. Hepatosplenomegaly 2. Anaemia 3. Cranial nerve palsies 4. Lymphadenopathy
31
Investigation of ALL
1. Blood smear - blast cells (small) 2. Bone marrow biopsy 3. Lumbar puncture - CNS involvement 4. FBC - low RBC, PLT 5. Clotting screen - DIC possibility
32
Management of ALL
1. Chemo - intrathecal (spine) 2. Methotrexate 3. Steroids for maintenance 4. BMT - during first remission 5. Supportive - IV fluids/blood/platelets 6. Treat infection
33
Define AML
Acute malignant transformation of myeloid blast cells. More common in older adults/elderly
34
Causes of AML
1. Transform from myelodysplasia | 2. Genetic - chromosomal mutations
35
RF AML
1. Radiation | 2. Alkylating chemo
36
Symptoms of AML
1. Fatigue 2. Bleeding 3. Palpitations 4. Recurrent infections
37
Signs of AML
1. Hepatosplenomegaly 2. Anaemia 3. Gum hypertrophy
38
Investigations for AML
1. Blood smear - AUER RODS 2. FBC - low RBC, PLT 3. Bone marrow biopsy 4. Clotting screening - DIC risk
39
Management of AML
1. Chemo (with breaks to allow bone regeneration) 2. Steroids - maintenance 3. Supportive treatment - IV fluids/blood/platelets 4. Treat infection
40
Define CLL
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - chronic malignant transformation of mature lymphocytes that have escaped apoptosis. Most common leukaemia in the west
41
Pathology of CLL
Uncontrollable proliferation of T/B lymphocytes -> can lead to autoimmune haemolysis.
42
Signs and symptoms of CLL
1. Often asymptomatic -> anaemia, bleeding, infection, sweats, anorexia 2. Enlarged rubbery non-tender lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) 3. Hepatosplenomegaly
43
Investigations for CLL
1. FBC: low RBC, high lymphocytes 2. Blood smear - smudge cells 3. Genetic testing (11q/17p)
44
Management of CLL
INCURABLE 1. Chemo for advanced 2. Radiotherapy can help lymphadenopathy + splenomegaly 3. Rituximab 4. Stem cell transplant
45
Define CML
Chronic myeloid leukaemia - chronic malignant proliferation of mature myeloid cells. The cells divide too quickly. More common in the elderly
46
Cause + progression of CML
``` 1. Philadelphia gene -> BCR-ABL fusion gene -> tyrosine kinase activity affected Insidious onset (3-4y) -> blast formation -> AML -> rapid death ```
47
Symptoms of CML
1. Fever 2. Weight loss 3. Sweating 4. Tiredness 5. Bleeding
48
Signs of CML
1. Anaemia 2. Bruising 3. Infection 4. Massive splenomegaly
49
Investigations of CML
1. FBC 2. Cytogenetics : karotype, FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridisation), PCR 3. Blood smear - granulocytes
50
Management of CML
1. 1st line: imatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) 2. In acute stage - chemo - hydroxycarbamide 3. Stem cell transplant (only cure, significant mortality, younger patients)

Phase 2 (again) (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions