haem

Question 1

What are target cells indicative of

Answer 1

obstructive jaundice haemoglobinopathies
liver disease
hyposlenism

Question 2

why do rbcs get destroyed in spleen

Answer 2

worse cytoskeleton = less flexible so held up

Question 3

spherocytes

Answer 3

hereditary spherocytosis

Question 4

irregularly contracted cells

Answer 4

oxidant damage

Question 5

reticulocytes

Answer 5

methylene blue

anaemia and reticulocytes shows bone marrow can make new cells so problem lies elsewhere.

Question 6

eliptocytes

Answer 6

hereditayr eliptocytosis

iron deficiency

Question 7

fragments

Answer 7

indicate haemolysis.

Question 8

rouleax

Answer 8

stacks, increased plasma proteins

Question 9

agglutinates

Answer 9

clumps, antibodies on the rbcs

Question 10

howell-joly

Answer 10

nuclear bit in rbc

lack of splenic function

Question 11

atypical lymphocyte shape and size

Answer 11

viral infection

glandular fever ie infectious mononucleosis

Question 12

left shift

Answer 12

more non-segmented neutrophils, precursors.

suggests infection

Question 13

toxic granulation

Answer 13

infection necrosis inflammation and pregnancy

Question 14

hypersegmented neutrophil

Answer 14

vit b12 or folate deficiency.

Question 15

iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 15

anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, microctosis, hypochromia, target cells, elongated cells, normal wbc platelt.

transferrin binds to iron in plasma. TIBC and trans sats,

Question 16

megaloblastic anaemia

Answer 16

bhypersegmented neutrophils

moderate neutrophilia

Question 17

microcytic causes

Answer 17

haem - iron def, acd

globin, thalassaemia

Question 18

normocytic causes

Answer 18

haemolytic anaemia,
blood loss
production failure
pooling.

Question 19

macrocytic causes

Answer 19

megaloblastic, b12 or folate.
premature release of cells

dna synthesis interference
liver disease or alcohol
major vblood loss
hameolyitc anaemia.

Question 20

haemolytic anaemia

Answer 20

unexplainable anaemia normochromic normocytic or macrocytic. morphological abnormal. rbc breakdown (gall stones, jaundice)
polychromic.

Question 21

inherited hameolytic

Answer 21

inherited issue with membrane, hered sphero
haemoglobin, sickle
pentose shunt, glucose six phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Question 22

acquired haemolytic

Answer 22

autoimmune

Question 23

hereditary spherocytosis

Answer 23

Issue with membrane leads to extravascular haemolysis

responds with increased output so polychromasia and reticulocytisus. Haemolysis so gall stones bilirubin jaundice

Question 24

anaemia of chronic disease

Answer 24

high crp esr acute phase response

acd mainly because of cytokine release

Question 25

thalassaemia vs id vs acd

Answer 25

in iron deficiency, only transferrin is high

low ferritin = iron deficiency, transferrin distinguishes between acd or fe cause.

Question 26

APTT

Answer 26

common and intrinsic as fxii

with PT for bleeding disorders, on its own for heparin.