Haem

Question 1

High APTT
Gum bleeds, epistaxis
Normal PT
Normal platelets

Answer 1

Von Willebrand disease

Question 2

Iron deficiency anaemia characteristics

Answer 2

Microcytic anaemia with low ferritin
Koilonychia
Elliptocytes may be present

Question 3

Three causes of microcytic anaemia

Answer 3

Iron deficiency
Anaemia of chronic disease (can also be normocytic)
Thalassaemia trait

Question 4

Causes of macrocytic anaemia

Answer 4

Vit B12 deficiency 
Folic acid deficiency 
(Liver disease 
Alcohol toxicity 
Hypothyroidism)

Question 5

Vit B12 deficiency symptoms

Answer 5

Fatigue
Glossitis
Paraesthesia

Question 6

Macrocytic anaemia

Crohn’s disease

Answer 6

B12 deficiency

Question 7

Sepsis

High fibrin degradation products

Answer 7

DIC

Question 8

Iron better absorbed with

Answer 8

Acidic environments

Alkaline environments reduce its absorption

Question 9

Dacrocytes (tear drop cells ) are indicative of what diagnosis

Answer 9

Myelofibrosis

also characteristic- massive splenomegaly

Question 10

Schistocytes (fragmented red cells) associated with what conditions

Answer 10

Haemolytic anaemia

DIC

Question 11

Spherocytes associated with what conditions

Answer 11

Haemolytic anaemia 
Congenital disease (Hereditary spherocytosis)

Question 12

Target cells associated with what conditions

Answer 12

Thalassaemia
Liver disease, jaundice
Hyposplenism

Question 13

Hypersegmented neutrophils associated with what type on anaemia

Answer 13

B12/ Folate deficiency

Question 14

Pernicious anaemia

Answer 14

AI disease where antibodies attack intrinsic factor, B12 cannot be absorbed

Question 15

In AML, ALL bone marrow exam shows what

Answer 15

More than 20% myeloblasts and lymphoblasts respectively

Question 16

Auer rods seen in

Answer 16

AML

Question 17

Elliptocytes seen in

Answer 17

Hereditary elliptocytosis

Iron deficiency anaemia

Question 18

Pencil (cigar) cells seen in

Answer 18

Iron deficiency anaemia
(Hereditary elliptocytosis )

Similar to elliptocytes

Question 19

Aplastic anaemia characteristics

Answer 19

Pancytopenia

Hypocellular bone marrow

Question 20

AML characteristics

Answer 20

Auer rods

Stains with Sudan Black B

Question 21

Multiple myeloma risk factors

Answer 21

Cause is unknown; RF:
Radiation
Insecticides, pesticides
HHV-8, HIV

NO hereditary correlation has been identified

Question 22

Bence-Jones protein

Answer 22

Multiple myeloma
It is a light chain produced by myeloma cells

M-proteins are monoclonal antibodies (IgG, IgA)

Question 23

A 55 year old man presents with a few months history of weight loss, lethargy & fever. On examination, he has a large liver & spleen. His WBC is 10.2x109/l & his blood film shows increased granulocytes & granulocyte precursors.

Answer 23

CML

Question 24

Histopathological characteristics of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 24

Reed-Sternberg cells

Other characteristics:
Painless enlarging mass in the neck
Painful after alcohol consumption
Pruritus, splenomegaly

Question 25

Myelofibrosis key points

Answer 25

Leukoerythroblasts
Massive splenomegaly
BM biopsy is essential for diagnosis
Extramedullary haematopoiesis occurs leading to dacrocytes

Question 26

HUS triad

Answer 26

Haemolytic anaemia
Acute renal failure
Thrombocytopenia