(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

Question 1

(1)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Benign)

(Papilloma)

1. rare except in what?
2. typical polypoid masses occur in the mucosa and project into what?
3. microscopically are covered by what?
4. –May become traumatized and cause hematuia and need to be distinguished from what?

Answer 1

1. cattle grazing on bracken fern
2. bladder lumen
3. relatively well-differentiated trans epi (urothelium)

(with a narrow loose fibrous connective tissue stalk having little inflammation)

4. malignancy (eg: transitional cell carcinoma).

Question 2

(1)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Benign)

(b. Leiomyoma)
1. Grossly seen in the muscular wall of the bladder as what?
2. Microscopically comprised of what?
3. usually incidental lesion

Answer 2

1. pale tan, discrete nodules.
2. haphazard smooth muscle in bundles

Question 3

(1)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(a. Transitional Cell Carcinoma TCC)
1. most common primary tumor in urinary bladder of domestic except what?
2. In cattle and sheep mostly seen in areas with “enzootic hematuria” due to what?
3. also role of what virus?
4. Dogs usually present with signs of what?

Answer 3

1. horse (=SCC
2. chronic low level consumption of bracken fern (or similar ferns);
3. BPV-2 (bovine papillomavirus-2)
4. lower urinary tract disease including dysuria/stranguria, pollakiuria, and hematuria.

Question 4

(4)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(a. Transitional Cell Carcinoma TCC)

(Gross morph)

1. in dogs, most commonly occurs where?

in cats?

may also appear where?

2. Appear as rough surfaced, thickened areas of the bladder wall and may form blunt papillary structures protruding into the bladder lumen.
3. May penetrate the bladder wall and spread to what?
4. May partially block outflow from ureters and result in what?

Answer 4

1. trigone region of urinary bladder

ventral wall region

urethra (rarely in ureters and renal pelvis)

3. peritoneal surfaces.
4. unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis.

Question 5

(4)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(a. Transitional Cell Carcinoma TCC)

(Histologic Features)

just read pic

Question 6

(6)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(a. Transitional Cell Carcinoma TCC)

(Growth & Metastasis:)

1. how metastatic?
2. what percent meta in dogs at diagnosis?

at necropsy?

3. Metastases often spread to what?

Answer 6

1. among the most malignant tumors in domestic animals.
2. 20%

90%

3. regional lymph nodes (sublumbar chain), lungs, and bones, but may be found in many different organs.

Question 7

(7)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(a. Transitional Cell Carcinoma TCC)

(Growth & Metastasis:)

(BEH = “bovine enzootic hematuria”)

1. chronic ingestion of what produces a neoplastic syndrome in cattle?
2. BEH causes what?
3. What virus is frequently associated with bracken fern-induced tumors of the urinary bladder.
4. Exposure to BEH carcinogens causes development of what?

Answer 7

1. bracken fern (Pteridium spp.)
2. hematuria and urinary bladder tumors
3. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV-2)
4. urinary bladder neoplasia with diverse morphologies

(transitional cell carcinoma (most common) and vascular tumors (hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma); can also see squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma, adenoma, leiomyosarcoma, fibroma, and fibrosarcoma.)

Question 8

(8)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(a. Transitional Cell Carcinoma TCC)

(Growth & Metastasis:)

(BEH = “bovine enzootic hematuria”)

1-3. What are the three toxic Brackenfern substances?

Answer 8

1. thiaminase (vit B1 deficiency) –> polioencephalomalacia in monogastric animals.
2. “bleeding factor”

has negative effects on bone marrow (aplastic anemia), often manifested as thrombocytopenia and bleeding.

3. ptaquiloside and other carcinogenic toxic substances related to urinary bladder and upper gastrointestinal tract tumors.

Question 9

(9)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(b. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC))
1. how common?
2. Grossly appear as thickened plaque-like areas in the bladder mucosa - which may resemble what?
3. invade bladder wall - do they metastasize?
4. Comprised of neoplastic epithelial cells forming multiple strata and tending to undergo what?

Answer 9

1. rare in most - most common in horses
2. TCC
3. not usually
4. keratinization (cornification)

Question 10

(10)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(c. Leiomyosarcoma)
1. how common?
2. comprised of what?
3. mestases common?

Answer 10

1. Uncommon in all species (up to 5% of bladder tumors in dogs).
2. Comprised of neoplastic smooth muscle cells forming white-tan masses thickening bladder wall.
3. no

Question 11

(10)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Primary Neoplasms)

(Malignant)

(d. Rhabdomyosarcoma)
1. are tumor of urinary bladder and urethra in what?
2. the tumors are described as botryoid (grape-like) masses that protrude into the bladder lumen
3. local invasion and occasional metastasis to what?
4. histologically = sheets of fusiform cells; may see cross-striations typical of skeletal muscle
5. sequelae include what?

Answer 11

1. young (< 18 months of age) large breed dogs

(the young age suggests an embryonal origin)

3. lymph nodes
4. hematuria, urinary obstruction, hydroureter, and hydronephrosis

Question 12

(12)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Secondary (metastatic) neoplasms)

1. Other than lymphoma and direct extension by a prostatic, rectal, or uterine tumor, secondary neoplasms of the urinary bladder are extremely rare.
2. Although primary lymphomas of the urinary bladder are reported, the vast majority (>99%) are part of what?

Answer 12

2. generalized lymphoma

Question 13

(12)

(H. Neoplasia of the Lower Urinary Tract)

(Secondary (metastatic) neoplasms)

(3. Tumor-Like Lesions (pseudotumors))

(Polypoid Cystitis)

1. associated with what?
2. Appear as irregular polyps in the mucosa and extending into the bladder lumen, resembling neoplastic polyps.
3. Histologically distinguished from neoplasia by having what?

Answer 13

1. chronic urocystitis and urolithiasis.
2. hyperplastic urothelium lacking anaplasia over a connective tissue stalk containing many chronic inflammatory cells and often hemorrhage.