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004 - Urine Path > E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection > Flashcards

E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection Flashcards

1
Q

(1)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(1. Bacterial Urocystitis)
1. more common in dogs or cats?
2. assoc w/ what?

A
  1. dogs
  2. ascension of fecal flora and from skin
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2
Q

(2)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(1. Bacterial Urocystitis)

(Etiology)

  1. bacteria commonly found in feces and skin…

what ones (7 of them)?

  1. and more specific urinary pathogens

what in pigs?

in cows?

A
  1. E. Coli, Staph, proteus, strep, enterobacter, pseudomoans, kleibsiella
  2. Eubacterium (Actinobaculum) suis

Corynebacterium renale

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3
Q

(3)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(1. Bacterial Urocystitis)

(Path)

  1. urinary bladder usually resistant
  2. urine (unlike human) resistant to bacteria growth due to what?
  3. The distal urethra has a normal resident population of bacteria which may gain access to upper (proximal) areas of the urinary tract.
A
  1. low/high pH, high osmolarity
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4
Q

(4)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(1. Bacterial Urocystitis)

(Path)

(Factors predisposing to infection)

1-8. what eight?

(Fuck U, HOPI Artifical Intelligence)

A
  1. females (shorter urethra)
  2. urolithiasis (urinary stones)
  3. hyperestrogenism (reduce barrier to bac invasion)
  4. outflow obstruction (stones, tumors, trauma)
  5. pre-existing prostatitis in males
  6. incomplete voiding of urine (diverticula, reflux, bladder hypotonia)
  7. abnormal urine (glucose, protiein)
  8. iatrogenic (catheters)
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5
Q

(4)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(1. Bacterial Urocystitis)

(Clinical Signs)

  1. cats and dogs often presented for what?
  2. Urinalysis may reveal what?
A
  1. increased freq of urination without increase in volume (pollakiuria)

or going in unusual places

  1. pyuria, hematuria, bactiuria, and proteinuria (due to exudation).
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6
Q

(6)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(1. Bacterial Urocystitis)

(Morph)

(Gross)

  1. in acute - bladder mucosa often hyperemic and edematous, making wall what?

mucosal surface may be eroded/hemorrhagic

  1. in diabetes mellitus, emphysema may occur in wall du to what?
  2. as becomes chronic, erosions develop into what?

bladder wall thickens due to what?

  1. if there is obstruction to urine outflow, what may occur?
A
  1. thickened and turgid
  2. bac fermentation of glucose
  3. ulcers

hyperplasia of urothelium, accuulationg of chronic inflammatory cels, and fibrosis

  1. hypertrophy of smooth muslce or acquired diverticula
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7
Q

(6)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(1. Bacterial Urocystitis)

(Morph)

(Histo)

  1. what often seen in acute stages?

(as becomes more chronic….)

  1. shift from neurophils to what?
  2. granulation and scar tissue may develop
  3. hyperplasia of urothelim may occur leading to formatio nof what?
A
  1. erosion of urothelim, neutrophil exudation and edema in lamina propria, microvascular dilation and congestion
  2. lymphocytes and plasma cells

(lymphcytes may form large follicles -> follicular cystitis)

  1. Brunn’s nests and cytitis cystica

(Sometimes polypoid structures formed by proliferating urothelium and edematous mucosa occur in chronic cystitis (polypoid cystitis).)

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8
Q

(8)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(2. Pyelonephritis)
1. inflammation of what?
2. most often due to what?

A
  1. renal pelvis (pyelo-), renal tubules, and interstitium
  2. bacterial infection
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9
Q

(10)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(2. Pyelonephritis)

(etiology)

  1. see what?
A
  1. urocystitis
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10
Q

(10)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(2. Pyelonephritis)

(Path - 2 major routes of infection)

  1. the most common route?
  2. begins with infection of what?
  3. bacteria then gain entrance to ureters via what?
  4. VUR may occur due to what four things?
A
  1. ascending infection
  2. lower urinary tract (urocystitis)
  3. vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
  4. inflammation of bladder trigone area

tumor in trigone

lower urinary obstruction

congenital defects

(Normal young, growing animals often have some VUR.)

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11
Q

(11)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(2. Pyelonephritis)

(Path - 2 major routes of infection)

  1. What is the uncommon route?
  2. why is it that bacteremia usually won’t lead to infection?
  3. However, if kidney is already injured (such as partial urethral obstruction), then bacteria can infect
A
  1. hematogenous
  2. normal kidney resistant to bacterial colonization
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12
Q

(12)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(2. Pyelonephritis)

(morphology)

(Acute Pyelonephritis)

  1. renal pelvis dilated and filled with what?
  2. The renal crest or papillae may be diffusely or segmentally reddened or pale.
  3. often necrosis of what?

(microscopically)

  1. renal pelvis contains what?
  2. surrounding interstitium contains what?
A
  1. pus
  2. renal papillae/crest
  3. exudate of neutrophils, necrotic debris, and bacteria

(Similar exudate is found in renal tubules which are often dilated and show necrosis and sloughing of epithelial cells.)

  1. exudate and edema
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13
Q

(12)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(2. Pyelonephritis)

(morphology)

(Chronic Pyelonephritis)

  1. enal pelvis is dilated and typically the renal crest/papillae are deformed… pus still a feature?
  2. The kidney is often asymmetric due to what?

(microscopically)

  1. pus in tubules?
  2. interstitium contains what?
  3. what in wedge shaped areas?
  4. Glomeruli may show sclerosis.
A
  1. no
  2. wedge-shaped scars (similar to infarcts) extending from medulla to cortex
  3. little
  4. plasma cells and lymphocytes
  5. fibrosis and loss of tubules
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14
Q

(14)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(3. (Tubulo-)interstitial nephritis)
1. inflammation of what?
2. Can result from what?

A
  1. renal tubules and interstitium

(inflammation mounted against veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels, or connective tissue)

  1. bacterial/viral septicemias in which kindey tubules first infected and damged –> incites interstitial inflammatory response
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15
Q

(15)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(3. (Tubulo-)interstitial nephritis)
1. acute commonly invovles what?
2. results from what?
3. Calves: _E. Col_i = ?
4. cattle and pigs?
5. horses?
6. cats?
7. Cases of chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis include what?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. toxicoses or acute infection (Leptospira, canine adenovirus, canine herpesvirus)
  3. white spotted kidney disease
  4. leptospira, salmonella, brucella
  5. Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli
  6. FIP
  7. progression of acute or when interstitium is primary target (equine arteritis virus and PRRS)
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16
Q

(16)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(Embolic nephritis)

  1. what is this?
  2. most common cause in pigs?
  3. most common in horses?

normal inhabitant of what?

infections occur with what?

A
  1. hematogenous spread of infection.
  2. _ Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae_

(spreads after cutaneous involvement or result of bacteremia)

  1. Actinobacillus Equi

mucous membranes in GI

fecal contamination (umbilical in foals) or extension from muc membranes

(Often see randomly distributed microabscesses with bacterial organisms and necrotic debris.)

17
Q

(16)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(5. Parasites of the urinary tract)
1. Dioctophyma renale = ?
2. definitve host?
3. Any mammal that drinks water infested with infected oligochaetes has the potential of ingesting what?
4. In Dogs, D. renale is found where?

A
  1. Giant kidney worm

(A large red nematode found in the northern U.S. and Canada)

  1. fish-eating mammals

(fish serve as paratenic hosts after ingesting infected oligochaete intermediate.)

  1. third stage juvenile stages.
  2. in the pelvis of the right kidney

((closest to duodenum; leaves gut during migration).)

18
Q

(17)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(5. Parasites of the urinary tract)
1. Capillaria renale and Capillaria feliscati = ?
2. _Toxocara canis = _

A
  1. ematodes that can be found attached to the renal pelvis, ureter, or urinary bladder in dogs and cats (hematuria).
  2. a nematode that can be found in the kidney of dogs (visceral larval migrans).
19
Q

(19)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(5. Parasites of the urinary tract)
1. Stephanurus dentatus = ?
2. A strongyloid worm found in the southern U.S.; the adult parasites migrate to the kidney (often found in perirenal adipose tissue) after doing what?
3. Klossiella equi = ?

renal function normal?

A
  1. North American kidney worm in pigs.
  2. cycling through the liver
  3. a sporozoan parasite of the horse;

(may see various coccidial stages in affected renal tubules.)

usually

20
Q

(20)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(6. Cainine Herpesvirus)
1. typically affects what age?
2. intrauterine or neonatal infections can occur leading to what?
3. disease charactertized by what?
4. Histologically see what?

A
  1. young (<4-6 wks)
  2. acute tubular necrosis with hemmorgae
  3. multifocal renal cortical hemorrhages,

(related to viral-induced vasculitis and necrosis

  1. intraepithelial intranuclear viral inclusion bodies.
21
Q

(21)

(E. SYNDROME: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI))

(7. Pulpy kidney disease)
1. Caused by what?
2. causes what in lambs?
3. The epsilon toxin binds to renal tubular epithelial cells and causes what?
4. The critical predisposing factor is what?

A
  1. Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin
  2. soft, swollen, and pale kidneys
  3. selective degeneration/necrosis, interstitial edema, and hemorrhage
  4. access to excessive starch in the small intestine

(which allows for excessive bacterial proliferation.)

004 - Urine Path (7 decks)

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