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ESA 4 > H&N 6 > Flashcards

H&N 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Embryological origin of external ear?

A

auricle- prolif of cells in 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

external auditory meatus- 1st pharyngeal cleft

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2
Q

auricle function?*

A

collects sound

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3
Q

where does the EAM terminate?

A

at the fibrous tympanic membrane

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4
Q

where does the middle ear lie?

A

in petrous temporal bone

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5
Q

components of middle ear?

A

tympanic cavity, lying immediately medial to tympanic membrane
epitympanic recess- space superior to tympanic membrane

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6
Q

how does middle ear communicate with nasopharynx?

A

connected by Eustachian tube anteriorly

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7
Q

what does middle ear communicate with posteriorly?

A

mastoid cells in mastoid process of temporal bone

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8
Q

bones of middle ear?

A

3 auditory ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes, which conduct sound waves to inner part of ear

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9
Q

what are the 2 tympanic muscles stapedius (from 2nd P arch, facial nerve) and tensor tympani (1st P arch, trigeminal nerve, concerned with?

A

dampening large m.ments of tympanic membrane

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10
Q

2 parts of inner ear?

A

membranous and bony labyrinths- membranous lies within bony

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11
Q

embry origin of membranous labyrinth?

A

otic placodes- thickenings of ectoderm

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12
Q

what does bony labyrinth consist of?

A

cochlea- concerned with sound perception, vestibule and semicircular canals- both involved in balance, suspended in perilymph

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13
Q

composition of membranous labyrinth?

A

series of communicating sacs and ducts, and contains endolymphs

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14
Q

what happens at base of cochlea?

A

bony labyrinth communicates with subarachnoid space via cochlear aqueduct

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15
Q

what is the vestibule concerned with?

A

balance

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16
Q

how do fibres of CNVIII reach inner ear?

A

pass through internal acoustic meatus on inner aspect of petrous temporal bone

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17
Q

common causes of otalgia?

A

external otitis and otitis media

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18
Q

4 temporal bone components?

A

squamous part- TMJ
petromastoid part
tympanic plate
styloid process

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19
Q

what does the external acoustic meatus consists mainly of?

A

tympanic plate

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20
Q

which part of the temporal bone contains the middle an d inner ears?

A

petromastoid part

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21
Q

how can middle ear disease cause mastoiditis?

A

the cavity of the mastoid antrum ( a prolongation of the cavity of the middle ear), is prolonged into the mastoid process by intercommunicating air cells

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22
Q

what does the skin lining the external auditory meatus secrete?

A

cerumen- modified sebum- affords protection for delicate meatal skin

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23
Q

how is wax formed?

A

by cerumen and discarded cells of skin

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24
Q

to what is the apex of the eardrum (tympanic membrane) attached?

A

malleus

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25
how is eustachian tube opened intermittently?
by pull of attached palate muscles when swallowing
26
why might a middle ear infection cause a lesion of the facial nerve?
nerve lies within the facial canal which is separated from the middle ear cavity by only a very thin bony partition
27
when may perforation of tympanic membrane occur?
after trauma or infection
28
why are people advised to take sweets to stop their ears from becoming blocked on a plane?
As during swallowing, the Eustachian tube is opened by the pull of the attached palate muscles, so this helps to keep the tube open and hence prevent blockage
29
how is an auricular haematoma treated?
blood aspiration
30
contents of middle ear?
auditory ossicles- malleus, incus, stapes stapedius and tensor tympani muscles chorda tympani nerve- branch of facial nerve tympanic plexus of nerves
31
innervation of stapedius?
facial nerve
32
innervation of tensor tympani?
trigeminal nerve
33
why is tympanic membrane more easily damaged in children in otoscopy?
external acoustic meatus relatively short | auricle pulled down and back in infants to straighten meatus
34
how does tympanic membrane normally appear on otoscopy?
translucent and pearly gray
35
name given to centre of tympanic membrane?
umbo
36
where does acute otitis media occur?
between tympanic membrane and inner ear
37
most common bacterial cause of acute otitis media?
strep.pneumoniae
38
why must otitis media be treated?
if untreated, it may produce impaired hearing as result of scarring of auditory ossicles, limiting their ability to move in response to sound
39
why are incisions to release pus from a middle ear abscess made posteroinferiorly through tympanic membrane?
as membrane superior 1/2 much more vascular than inferior 1/2. AND incision avoids injury to chorda tympani nerve and auditory ossicles.
40
how are external and middle parts of ear separated?
tympanic membrane
41
how are middle and inner parts of ear separated?
by oval and round windows
42
why is skin of outer ear easily traumatised?
skin adherent to elastic cartilage, so no movement
43
branch of trigeminal nerve innervating skin of EAM?
auriculotemporal- branch on mandibular division
44
branch of vagus nerve innervating skin of EAM?
auricular branch
45
sensory nerve supply of external part of tympanic membrane?
auriculotemporal nerve- branch of mandibular division of trigeminal, and aurciular nerve- branch of vagus
46
sensory nerves supply of internal part of tympanic memebrane?
glossopharyngeal nerve
47
sensory nerve supply of auricle?
auriculotemporal nerve | great auricular nerve from cervical plexus- C2 and C3
48
blood supply to auricle?
posterior auricular and superficial temporal branches of external carotid artery
49
where does auriculotemporal nerve provide sensory innervation to external ear?
to skin of auricle anterior to EAM | great auricular nerve does rest of auricle
50
composition of EAM?
outer 1/3 is elastic cartilage | inner 2/3 is tympanic plate of temporal bone
51
where does EAM run?
from concha to outer plate of tympanic membrane
52
properties of skin lining outer 1/3 of EAM?
hairs- cilia sebaceous glands ceruminous glands- secrete cerumen- offers protection, and combines with discarded skin cells to form wax- bactericidal
53
what may be visualised through the tympanic membrane?
malleus
54
how might the tympanic membrane appear in disease?
dull, red or yellow blood vessels may be dilated dense, white plaques due to tympanosclerosis bulging- fluid or pus in middle ear retracted- -ve intratympanic cavity pressure e.g. from eustachian tube obstruction perforation- trauma or infection
55
how is tympanic membrane connected to inner ear?
via auditory ossicles
56
what is the epitympanic recess?
space superior to tympanic membrane
57
lining of tympanic cavity?
mucous membrane continuous with lining of Eustachian tube, mastoid cells and mastoid antrum
58
medial layer of tympanic membrane lined by?
respiratory epithelium- low columnar
59
why is equilibration of pressures between middle ear and the external environment important?
if not equalised, can result in pain in ear e.g. when on a plane, and eustachian tube dysfunction causing a -ve pressure in middle ear cavity draws TM in, reducing its ability to vibrate efficiently, and so can cause loss of hearing.
60
complications of glue ear?
infections can spread into middle cranial fossa via temporal bone can spread into posterior cranial fossa via epitympanic recess and mastoid antrum can spread into sigmoid venous sinus via mastoid air cells
61
problem with spread of mastoiditis and acute otitis media?
can lead to intracranial infection and death, may cause meningitis
62
3 layers of tympanic membrane?
outer plate- keratinised stratified squamous cells middle- fibrous layer inner- respiratory epithelium, part of middle ear
63
function of auditory ossicles?
amplify and concentrate sound energy from tympanic membrane to the oval window
64
what does middle ear function depend on?
ventilation
65
how are auditory ossicles connected to inner ear?
handle of malleus attached to the tympanic membrane, and body articulates with the body of the incus, which articulates with the stapes and this osscile articulates with the Bony Labyrinth of the inner ear at the Oval Window
66
why might oropharyngeal infections present as earache?
referred pain as oropharynx innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve, which also innervates inner part of tympanic membrane, so pharyngitis or tonsillitis may present as otalgia
67
attachments of muscles assoc with auditory ossicles?
Tensor tympani Inserts into the handle of the malleus, pulls handle medially,and tenses the tympanic membrane, reducing the amplitude of its oscillations and so prevents damage to the inner ear when exposed to loud sounds as vibrations of malleus are dampened. Stapedius pulls the stapes posteriorly and tilts its base in the oval window, tightens the anular ligament and reduces the oscillatory range, prevents excessive movement of the stapes, again offering protection from loud noise.
68
why might facial nerve damage cause hyperacusis?
loss of innervation to stapedius responsible for dampening movements of stapes to offer protection from loud noise, so sound painful as uninhibited movement of stapes
69
components of inner ear?
Vestibule-Small bony chamber, containing the Utricle and Saccule, which are sensitive to rotational acceleration and the static pull of gravity Semi-circular Ducts and canals- communicate with the vestibule and contain receptors that respond to Rotational Acceleration in three different planes Cochlea-Shell shaped portion of the bony labyrinth containing the Cochlear Duct Cochlear Duct- accommodates the spiral Organ of Corti Organ of Corti-Contains the receptors of the auditory apparatus Perilymph separate bony and membranous labyrinths
70
why is otitis media more common in young children?
Eustachian tube shorter and more horizontal,making it easier for organisms to travel up it and harder for fluid to drain away from the middle ear. Also, IS less well devloped, so URTIs more common, which can involve middle ear from nasopharynx via Eustachian tube
71
what is otorrhoea?
Discharge from the ear, indicates acute or chronic infection, blood / CSF discharge associated with skull fracture
72
2 muscles which act to open eustachain tube?
tensor veli palatine and palate levator
73
what does thew chorda tympani course near in middle ear?
malleus
74
3 major symptoms of injury to peripheral auditory system?
hearing loss- usually conductive vertigo- when injury involves semicircular ducts tinnitus- when injury localised in cochlear duct
75
what does conductive hearing loss result from?
anything in external or middle ear that interferes with sound conduction or movement of oval or round windows. People often speak with soft voice as to them, their own voices sound louder than background noise. hearing aid or surgery can improve hearing
76
what does sensorineural hearing loss result from?
defects in pathway from cochlea to brain: defects of cochlea, cochlear nerve, brainstem, or cortical connections. cochlear implants can restore hearing
77
In a weber's test, sound is heard loudest in L ear. Then, using Rinne's test, the 1st sound heard is loudest? What would be the problem?
Sensori-neural hearing loss of right ear
78
what is a cholesteatoma?
-ve middle ear pressure due to obstruction of Eustachian tube creates retraction pockets where dead skin cells accumulate, forming a necrotic mass of dead skin, and then erosion of middle ear structures and bone via lytic enzymes.
79
what is otosclerosis?
fusing of the stapes to the oval window, resulting in dampened movements of the ossicles, and so hearing problems

ESA 4 (24 decks)

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