H&N 1 Flashcards
What is a suture?
Fibrous Synarthrosis join with no movement Attaches bones of skull together, apart from mandible which forms the lower jaw
How may cervical pain be caused? (3)
Inflamed LNs Muscle strain Displacement/protrusion of inter-vertebral discs
What do the buccinators do?
these are the muscles of the cheek, keep cheek taut and aid in chewing
Nerve supply to muscles of mastication?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
What does the facial nerve (7th cranial) supply?
Muscles of facial expression Muscles of ear e.g. stapedius Stylohyoid P belly of digastric
Where does the facial nerve divide into extra-cranial branches?
parotid gland
What is the facial artery a branch of?
External carotid
Which artery provides main arterial supply to face?
Facial artery
What does the external carotid artery terminate as?
Superficial temporal and Maxillary arteries
How is blood drained from face?
Facial vein into internal jugular vein
What is bell’s palsy?
paralysis of facial muscles due to dysfunction of facial nerve due to compression caused by inflammation at the stylomastoid foramen
why might surgery on parotid gland cause facial paralysis?
Surgery may damage facial nerve innervating muscles of facial expression as nerve and its branches pass through gland
What is the 1st layer of the deep cervical fascia and what does it surround?
Investing later Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles Parotid and submandibular salivary glands
What is the 2nd layer of deep cervical fascia and what does it surround?
Pretracheal layer Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus.
What do the carotid sheaths enclose?
Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve Deep cervical LNs
What is the 3rd layer of deep cervical fascia and what does it surround?
Prevertebral layer VC and assoc. muscles
Where might an infection occur that can spread into thoracic cavity anterior to pericardium?
Between the investing layer and the pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia
Symptoms of patient with a retropharyngeal abscess?
Dysphagia and dysphonia
What is the retropharyngeal space?
Potential space between prevertebral and pretracheal layers of the deep cervical fascia
What is the pterion?
Junction between the frontal, parietal and temporal bones Thinnest part of the skull
Clinical relevance of pterion?
Skull is thinnest hear meaning it is easily fractured Can lacerate the middle meningeal artery running underneath causing an extradural haematoma
What is a countercoup fracture?
Fracture occurs on opp side of cranium rather than at site of impact
How may an infection of the scalp cause osteomyelitis?
Via emissary veins
which bone forms the upper jaw?
Maxillary bone
How is the odontoid (dens) process of C2 held in place?
Transverse ligament of atlas
How can bleeding from common carotid arteries be controlled?
By compression against anterior tubercles of C6
What is a simple skull fracture?
Break in bone without damage to skin
What is a linear skull fracture?
Thin line, without splintering, depression or distortion of bone
What is a depressed skull fracture?
Bone pushed towards brain
What is a compound skull fracture?
break in or loss of skin, and splintering of bone accompanied by brain injury and bleeding
What is the calvaria and what is it composed of?
Roof of cranial cavity, protecting superior aspect of brain. Comprised of the frontal bone anteriorly, paired parietal bone in middle and occipital bone posteriorly.
What sutures are visible internally in calvaria and what are the junctions between these sutures called?
Coronal: between frontal and parietal bones Sagittal: between paired parietal bones Lambdoid: between parietal and occipital bones Junctions are: Bregma: where coronal and sagittal meet Lambda, where lambdoid and sagittal meet
which are the main bones contributing to the cranial base (floor of cranial cavity)?
sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
at which joint do the muscles of mastication act?
temporomandibular joint
main muscle groups in head?
occipitofrontalis muscles of facial expression buccinators muscles of mastication