Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 4 > H&N 2 > Flashcards

H&N 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the left common carotid artery longer than the right?

A

left derived from arch of aorta, and so courses for about 2cm in superior mediastinum before entering neck, whereas right from brachiocephalic artery where bifurcates behind r sternoclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the course of the common carotid artery defined as?

A

carotid line: defined by a line beginning below sternoclavicular joint and terminating midway between angle of mandible and mastoid process of temporal bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does the external carotid artery divide into maxillary and superficial temporal branches?

A

at a level behind neck of mandible, within substance of parotid gland
here it is accompanied by the facial nerve and the retromandibular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

reliable anatomical landmark for birfurcation on common carotid artery?

A

superior border of thyroid cartilage

carotids terminate midway between angle of mandible and mastoid process of temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the inferior thyroid artery originate from?

A

thyrocervical trunk- comes off subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

branches of external carotid artery?

A 
superior thyroid
lingual
facial
ascending pharyngeal
occipital
posterior auricular

terminal: superficial temporal
maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

clinical relevance of carotid triangle?

A

carotid pulse
access vagus and hypoglossal (XII) nerves
carotid end arterectomy, surgical approach to carotid artery or IJV
carotid sinus massage e.g. in supraventricular tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why can a cut to the scalp lead to profuse bleeding?

A

arteries supplying scalp lie in dense CT which is closely attached to the walls of the arteries, limiting their constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is scalp bleeding predominantly arterial?

A

venous pressure extremely low in erect position

arteries have limited ability to constrict when lacerated due to close attachment of their walls with dense CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an extradural hamatoma?

A

bleeding into the extradural space- potential space between dura mater and bone, periosteal layer of dura normally firmly attached to bones surrounding outside of cranial cavity, but can become fluid-filled space with haemorrhage e.g. laceration of middle meningeal artery or a torn dural venous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how might an infection of the scalp spread to involve the meninges?

A

blood can flow from the veins of the scalp into the diploic veins of the skull, and then into the dural venous sinuses, due to emissary veins connecting veins of scalp to diploic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the facial artery supply?

A

muscles of facial expression and face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the superior labial artery supply?

A

upper lip, and side and septum of nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does inferior labial artery supply?

A

lower lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does lateral nasal artery supply?

A

skin on ala and dorsum of nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does angular artery supply?

A

superior part of cheek and inferior eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does occipital artery supply?

A

scalp of back of head, as far as vertex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does posterior auricular artery supply?

A

scalp post to auricle and auricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does superficial temporal artery supply?

A

facial muscles, and skin of temporal frontal and temporal regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the transverse facial artery supply?

A

parotid gland and duct, muscles and skin of face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does mental artery supply?

A

facial muscles and skin of chin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does supra-orbital and supratrochlear arteries supply?

A

muscles and skin of forehead, and scalp and superior conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

internal carotid

vertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the carotid sheath made from?

A

areolar (LCT) tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the carotid sheath derived from?

A

fusion of prevertebral layer of fascia posteriorlu, pretracheal anteromedially, and superficial layer of cervical fascia anterolaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where does the sympathetic trunk lie in relation to the carotid sheath?

A

outside sheath, medially and behind it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

major source of blood to extra-cranial structures?

A

external carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where are the superficial cervical LNs situated?

A

along the course of the EJV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

LNs in regional group of head and neck?

A

occipital, retroauricular, submandibular, submental, anterior, cervical, superficial cervical, retropharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

give examples of 2 deep (terminal) cervical LNs, and what they drain?

A

jugulo-digastric: located just below and behind angle of mandible, drains tongue and tonsil

jugulo-omohyoid: drainage of tongue, oral cavity, trachea, oesophagus, and thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what do the efferent lymph vessels from deep cervical nodes join to form?

A

the jugular lymph trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what do the jugular lymph trunks join with on the L side?

A

throacic duct, which enters the L brachiocephalic vein at junction of subclavian and internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do the jugular lymph trunks join with on the R side?

A

enters venous system at junction between subclavian and IJV via a short right lymphatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does a surgeon do when cervical metastases occur?

A

performs a block dissection of cervical nodes, removing en bloc the IJV, fascia, LNs and submandibular salivary gland.
Aim to remove all lymph tissues on affected side of enck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where is the carotid body located in relation to the division of the common carotid artery?

A

just posterior to it

36
Q

how specifically can the common carotid artery pulse be felt?

A

by pressing against the anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 vertebra.
Also at point of division of artery- vertebral level C4- upper border of thyroid cartilage

Can be felt just medial to SCM

37
Q

why must carotid artery palpation be performed low in neck?

A

to avoid pressure on carotid sinus which could cause a reflex drop in heart rate and blood pressure

38
Q

Why is the right IJV evaluated rather than the left?

A

the right is straighter

39
Q

why are pulsations of IJV visible?

A

transmitted through surrounding tissue

40
Q

worry if sudden occurrence of a stiff neck, with fever and headache?

A

meningtitis

41
Q

what might neck pain be associated with because of referred pain?

A

MI or angina, as referred pain from chest

42
Q

muscles derived from first pharyngeal arch?

A 
muscles of mastication- temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastrics
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatine
43
Q

cranial nerve of first pharyngeal arch?

A

trigeminal (V)- maxillary and mandibular divisions
mandibular branch supplies muscles of arch
principal sensory nerve of head- skin of face, and lining of mouth and nose
motor to muscles of mastication and those derived from mandibular process

44
Q

cranial nerve of second pharyngeal arch?

A

facial nerve (VII)

45
Q

what does facial nerve pass through?

A

stylomastoid foramen and parotid gland

supplies muscles of facial expression, and those derived from 2nd pharyngeal arch

46
Q

small sensory component of facial nerve?

A

taste buds in anterior 2/3 of tongue

47
Q

why might thyroid surgery result in vocal cord paralysis?

A

damage to recurrent laryngeal nerves

48
Q

name of oblique plane where curvature of aorta starts and ends?

A

transverse thoracic plane

49
Q

clinical importance of jugulo-omohyoid internal jugular LN which lies above the omohyoid muscle?

A

can be enlarged in oral cancer

50
Q

why might a patient have difficulty turning their head and shrugging their shoulders if they have had their spinal accessory nodes (part of deep group) removed?

A

these nodes lie in the posterior triangle of the neck, along course of accessory nerve, and removal due to malignancy may damage the accessory nerve , causing weakness in SCM and trapezius

51
Q

examples of deep cervical LNs?

A

internal jugular
spinal accessory
supraclavicular

52
Q

where does the thoracic duct arise?

A

from cisterna chyli in the abdomen at L2, ascends through aortic hiatus at T12 in diaphragm, crosses midline at T5 to the left, post to oesophagus and ascends into superior medistinum

53
Q

where does thoracic duct empty into venous system?

A

at left venous angle- where union of left internal jugular and subclavian veins
may enter origin of left brachiocepahlic vein
or may empty directly into left subclavian vein

54
Q

how are the pharyngeal clefts and pouches separated?

A

branchial (pharyngeal) membrane- thin sheet of ectoderm on outside, and endoderm on inside

55
Q

how may branchial cysts in the neck be formed?

A

A flap of tissue from the second pharyngeal arch grows down to cover the third to sixth arches and clefts, obliterating all other clefts except 1st, creating a space, the Cervical Sinus. This is normally obliterated, but remnants of clefts may persist as branchial cysts in the neck if it is not.

can occur anywhere along A border of SCM- path taken by 2nd pharyngeal arch

56
Q

cranial nerves innervating pharyngeal arches?

A

CN V, VII, IX and X

57
Q

muscles of 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

muscles of facial expression
poster. belly of digastrics
stylohyoid
stapedius

58
Q

nerve of 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

glossopharyngeal

59
Q

muscle of 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

stylopharyngeus

60
Q

nerve of 4th to 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

vagus: superior laryngeal to 4th, recurrent laryngeal to 6th

61
Q

muscles of 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

cricothyroid, levator palatini, constrictors of pharynx

62
Q

muscles of 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

intrinsic muscles of larynx

63
Q

general and special sensory innervation of glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

64
Q

what cells are the skeletal elements of the head and neck derived from?

A

neural crest cells

65
Q

name of 1st pharyngeal arch cartilage?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

66
Q

derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch cartilage?

A

malleus and incus- middle ear bones
sphenomandibular ligament
template for mandible which forms by intramemebranous ossification, so cartilage not converted into bone

67
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch cartilage?

A

Reichert’s cartilage

68
Q

skeletal element derivatives of 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

stapes- bones of middle ear
styloid process of temporal bone
stylohyoid ligament
lesser cornu and upper body of hyoid

69
Q

skeletal element derivative of 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

greater cornu and part of body of hyoid

70
Q

skeletal element derivatives of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch catilages?

A

thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages of larynx

71
Q

what is the epiglottis derived from?

A

4th and 6th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from the pharyngeal floor

72
Q

what provides arterial supply to pharyngeal arches?

A

aortic arches

73
Q

3rd aortic arch artery?

A

internal carotid

74
Q

4th aortic arch arteries?

A

arch of aorta on left, brachiocephalic artery on right

75
Q

6th aortic arch artery?

A

pulmonary arch
On R, distal part of 6th aortic arch and 5th disappear, so R recurrent laryngeal nerve moves up and hooks around R subclavian vein
L nerve does not move up as distal part of 6th aortic arch persists as ductus arteriosus

76
Q

derivative of 2nd pharyngeal pouch?

A

palatine tonsils- 2nd pouch epithelial proliferation, followed by colonisation by lymphoid precursors

77
Q

what are the parathyroid glands derived from?

A

the 3rd (forms inferior) and 4th (forms superior) dorsal pharyngeal pouches

78
Q

what is the thymus gland derived from?

A

the 3rd ventral pharyngeal pouch

79
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives?

A

tympanic cavity and eustachian tube

remember, ossicles= 1st and 2nd arch cartilage bar derivatives

80
Q

outcome of 1st pharyngeal cleft?

A

external acoustic meatus

81
Q

how are the eyes shifted from sides of head to front?

A

growth of maxillary prominences towards midline

82
Q

what are the tympanic cavity and eustacian tube of middle ear derived from?

A

1st pharyngeal pouch

83
Q

how is the facial vein connected to the cavernous sinus?

A

via the superior opthalmic vein

84
Q

importance of facial vein being valveless?

A

infection of face can spread to involve venous sinuses, as facial vein connected to cavernous sinus

85
Q

veins which form the external jugular vein?

A

union of posterior auricular and retromandibular (posterior branch) veins

86
Q

what are the layers of the scalp?

A

SCALP:skin, CT-vessels and nerve, aponerurosis-epicranial between occipital and frontalis muscles, LCT, periosteum (pericranium)

ESA 4 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions