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ESA 4 > H&N 11 > Flashcards

H&N 11 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the post. lobe of pituitary arise?

A

from developing brain: downgrowth from diencephalon forms in midline= infundibulum, and extends down towards roof of oral cavity,

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2
Q

name given to downgrowth of diencephalon from which P lobe of pituitary arises?

A

infundibulum

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3
Q

how is floor of hypothalamus formed?

A

from part of diencephalon giving rise to infundibulum

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4
Q

what name is given to connection between floor of hypothalamus and infundibulum forming P lobe of pituitary?

A

pituitary stalk

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5
Q

name given to outpushing from roof of oral cavity which grows up to meet forming infundibulum?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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6
Q

what may form from persitent remnants of Rathke’s pouch in the roof of the pharynx from where it split off from the ectoderm from which it was derived?

A

cysts

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7
Q

how do the tongue and thyroid gland arise from pharyngeal arches?

A

from where they meet as they curve around lateral walls of mouth and pharynx, meeting in the midline ventrally

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8
Q

which 3 components form the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

median tongue bud from floor of pharynx at level of 2nd pharyngeal arch- facial nerve
paired distal tongue buds form in front of median bud and eventually overgrow and absorb it. originate from 1st pharyngeal arch- trigeminal nerve

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9
Q

which 2 components form posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

copola- forms in midline from 2nd pharyngeal arch
hypobranchial eminence- forms from 3rd and 4th arches behind copola. Expands and absorbs copola, forming post 1/3 tongue (3rd arch- glossopharyngeal nerve) and epiglottis (4th arch)

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10
Q

what is seen in adult at site of fusion of A and P parts of tongue?

A

sulcus terminalis

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11
Q

muscles of tongue are NOT derived from pharyngeal arches. where do they arise from?

A

small somites (paraxial mesoderm) which arise in occipital region and migrate into developing tongue

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12
Q

name given to site of origin of thyroid?

A

foramen cecum

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13
Q

name of epithelial outgrowth in 4th wk that gives rise to thyroid?

A

thyroid diverticulum

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14
Q

where is the foramen cecum?

A

between 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches, behind median tongue bud

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15
Q

on descent, how does the thyroid remain attached to the foramen cecum?

A

via the thyroglossal duct

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16
Q

what may form as a remanant of the distal end of the thyroglossal duct?

A

pyramidal lobe of thyroid

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17
Q

the foramen cecum closes off, but how is it seen in adult?

A

indentation on dorsum of tongue

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18
Q

calcitonin producing cells of thyroid originate from where?

A

4th pharyngeal pouch-ventral part

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19
Q

most common site for thyroglossal cysts?

A

base of tongue and just inferior to hyoid

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20
Q

most common site of ectopic thyroid tissue due to failure of thyroid to descend normally?

A

tongue

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21
Q

when might the isthmus of the thyroid need to be incised?

A

during a tracheostomy to expose the trachea to keep the airway patent

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22
Q

what is the nasopharynx attached to superiorly?

A

base of skull

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23
Q

the wall of the pharynx has an outer incomplete circular muscle layer, and an inner longitudinal layer, what 3 muscles comprise the inner layer?

A

stylopharyngeus-from 3rd arch
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

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24
Q

the 3 named tonsils comprising the incomplete ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx?

A

palatine- between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal ridges
adenoids (pharyngeal)- near roof of nasopharynx close to ET entry
lingual- beneath mucosa of P 1/3 of tongue

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25
Q

how is food forced into oesophagus?

A

by automatic contraction of the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles

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26
Q

which muscles contract to elevate the larynx during swallowing?

A

suprahyoid muscles

longitudinal pharyngeal muscles= stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus

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27
Q

2 important structures vulnerable to injury in tonsillectomy?

A

ICA

glossopharyngeal nerve

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28
Q

arterial b.supply to tonsil?

A

tonsillar branch of facial artery

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29
Q

common site where FBs entering pharynx may become lodged?

A

piriform fossa

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30
Q

what does the posterior wall of the pharynx lie against?

A

prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia

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31
Q

what does the nasopharynx lie superior to?

A

soft palate

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32
Q

what may a pharyngeal pouch (diverticulum of zenker) in the pharynx cause?

A

dysphagia
regurgitation of food
halitosis-bad breath

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33
Q

what nerve plexus supplies the pharynx and what does it comprise?

A

pharyngeal

pharyngeal branches of vagus, glossopharyngeal, and sympathetoc branches from S.cervical ganglion

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34
Q

sensory innervation to nasopharynx?

A

maxillary division of trigeminal

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35
Q

how does the uvula look if tonsillitis?

A

central and inflamed

36
Q

how does the uvula look if peritonsillar abscess?

A

pushed to 1 side

37
Q

what is the anatomical location of the pituitary gland?

A

sits in the pituitary (hypophyseal) fossa in the sella turcica= a saddle shaped depression in the sphenoid bone

38
Q

where does Rathke’s pouch arise?

A

out-pocketing of ectoderm of the stomatodeum, evagination of roof of oropharynx, grows dorsally towards developing forebrain

39
Q

how is the tongue capable of being highly mobile?

A

due to the lingual frenulum= short cord attaching tongue to oral cavity

40
Q

importance of tongue being highly mobile?

A

necessary for mastication and speech

41
Q

what do the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue allow?

A

tongue can change its shape and position

42
Q

what does the tongue develop from?

A

components of each of the pharyngeal arches

43
Q

what swellings does the 1st pharyngeal arch give rise to which contribute to the tongue

A

2 lateral lingual swellings

1 median lingual swelling= tuberculum impar

44
Q

the copula/hypo-branchial eminence, a second median swelling, is formed from the mesoderm of what?

A

the 2nd, 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

45
Q

how does the 4th pharyngeal arch contribute to tongue development?

A

contributes to the formation of 2 of the 3 median lingual swellings: the copula, and the epiglottal swelling which will form the epiglottis

46
Q

how does the tongue become freed from the floor of the oral cavity?

A

extensive degeneration occurs by apoptosis: programmed cell death, but the tongue still retains a connection to the oral cavity via the lingual frenulum

47
Q

what happens as the lateral lingual swellings increase in size?

A

they overgrow the tuberculum impar and merge, forming the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

48
Q

why is sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue mainly from the glossopharyngeal nerve based in development?

A

the 3rd pharyngeal arch component of the copula overgrows the 2nd arch component

49
Q

what is the innervation to the extreme posterior part of the tongue and the epiglottis?

A

superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve due to development from the 4th pharyngeal arch which forms the epiglottal swelling and small contribution to the copula

50
Q

most tongue musculature develops from occipital somites, hence what is its innervation?

A

hypoglossal nerve

51
Q

general sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue and why?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal (lingual nerve)
as mucosa originates from 1st pharyngeal arch (gave rise to 2 lateral lingual swellings which overgrow the tuberculum impar- a median lingual swelling)

52
Q

how does taste sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue come to derive from the chorda tympani nerve?

A

the nerve passes into the 1st pharyngeal arch from the second, passing through the 1st pharyngeal pouch and hence travels through the middle ear

53
Q

between which 2 swellings of the developing tongue does the primordium of the thyroid gland appear between?

A

the tuberculum impar and the copula

54
Q

from where does the thyroid gland descend into the neck?

A

floor of the pharynx

55
Q

where are the follicular cells of the thyroid gland derived from?

A

the thyroid diverticulum: an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and the copula which descends in front of the pharyngeal gut., the hyoid bone and laryngeal caritlages, and stays connected to tongue on migration by thyroglossal duct

56
Q

what part of the 4th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the parafollicular cells of the thyroid?

A

ventral part, the ultimobranchial body

57
Q

in what region of the neck do thyroglossal cysts occur, in contrast to branchial cysts?

A

midline of neck

branchial occur more laterally along SCM

58
Q

why does CATCH22 occur with Di-George syndrome?

A

deletion on chromosome 22 responsible for disruption of neural crest cells
C- cardiac abnormalities- neural crest cells contribute to devlopment of CVS e.g. endocardial cushions and separation of PA and aorta?
A- abnormal facies- neural crest cells populate mesenchyme forming prominences giving rise to face
T- thymic hypoplasia/aplasia- thymus derived from 3rd pharyngeal pouch and neural crest cells contribute the mesenchyme into which the endoderm from pharyngeal pouches migrates, the mesenchyme makes the CT necessary for gland differentiation
C- cleft palate- failure of 1 or both palatal shelves to grow towards the midline and/or fuse with its partner
H- hypocalcaemia- absence of PT glands which secrete PTH which stimualtes Ca2+ release from bone, reabsorption by kidneys and absorption from gut via calcitriol

59
Q

boundaries of nasopharynx?

A

superior=skull base
inferior= level of soft palate
anterior= posterior choanae
posterior= adenoids= C1

60
Q

vertebral level of oropharynx?

A

C2-C3

61
Q

vertebral level of laryngopharynx?

A

C4-C6

62
Q

boundaries of oropharynx?

A 
superior= level of soft palate
inferior= superior edge of epiglottis
anterior= oral cavity
posterior= C2-C3
63
Q

boundaries of laryngopharynx?

A 
superior= superior edge of epiglottis
inferior= lower border of cricoid cartilage
anterior= larynx
posterior= C3-C6 vertebrae
64
Q

contents of nasopharynx?

A

adenoids

opening of eustachian tube

65
Q

contents of oropharynx?

A

palatine tonsils

anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches)

66
Q

lymphatic drainage of palatine tonsils?

A 
lymphatics pierce superior constrictor muscle of outer incomplete circular layer of pharyngeal muscles
pass to nodes along IJV (terminal LNs)
jugulodigastric node (angle of mandible)
67
Q

how are constrictor muscles of pharynx attached posteriorly (open anteriorly) ?

A

median raphe

68
Q

importance of soft palate elevation in swallowing?

A

closes off nasopharynx so food not regurgitated through nose

69
Q

indications for a tonsillectomy?

A

recurrent tonsillitis (5 per yr for at least 2 yrs)
previous peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
suspected cancer (unilateral enlargement/ulcertation)
OSA syndrome

70
Q

risks during tonsillectomy?

A

GA
bleeding
infection

71
Q

vertebral level of hard palate?

A

C1

72
Q

vertebral level of angle of mandible?

A

C2

73
Q

vertebral level of hyoid bone?

A

C3

74
Q

vertebral level of upper and lower borders of thyroid cartilage?

A

C4 and C5

75
Q

vertebral level of cricoid cartilage?

A

C6

76
Q

muscle which must relax for food to enter oesophagus?

A

cricopharyngeus

77
Q

describe the mechanism of swallowing

A

Pushing food from oral cavity to oropharynx: tongue and suprahyoid muscles (mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric and stylohyoid) pull hyoid and larynx up, soft palate elevates closing off nasopharynx and superior constrictor pharyngeal muscles contract.
Food bolus passes into hypopharynx by aid of middle an d inferior constrictors
cricopharyngeus relaxes, allowing food to enter oesophagus after being funneled into upper part by piriform fossa

78
Q

what is the larynx protected by in swallowing?

A

overhanging tongue
epiglottis
vocal cords

79
Q

lining of oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

80
Q

how is peristalsis aided by arrangement of pharyngeal musculature?

A

constrictor muscles overlap each other and so contract in a downward fashion

81
Q

pharyngeal arterial b.supply?

A

ECA: branches of lingual, facial and maxillary arteries, ascending and descending palatine artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, superior thyroid artery

82
Q

venous blood drainage pharynx?

A

pharyngeal venous plexus to IJV

83
Q

motor nerve supply to pharynx?

A

facial nerve
glossopharyngeal
vagus
hypoglossal

84
Q

sensory supply to laryngopharynx?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

85
Q

presentation of patient with enlarged adenoids?

A 
mouth breathing
hyponasal speech- high pitched
feeding difficulty
snoring/OSA
recurrent acute otitis media- earache
chronic otitis media with effusion- glue ear- reduced hearing
86
Q

reasons for pharyngeal pouch formation between inferior constrictor and cricopharyngeus (laryngopharynx)?

A

weaker area
incoordination of pharyngeal phase of swallowing
cricopharyngeal spasm

ESA 4 (24 decks)

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