Gynae cancers Flashcards
Which gynae cancers are hereditary
- Ovarian
- Endometrial
Note: cervical cancer has no familial link
Which gynae cancers are more common in younger people
- Cervical cancer
- Ovarian germ cell tumours
Which gynae cancers are more common in older people
- Endometrial cancer
- Ovarian Epithelial tumours
Most common type of cervical cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Risk factors for CIN/ cervical cancer
- Smoking
- Immunodeficiency
- HPV 16, 18, 31, 33;
- Multiple partners
- > 8 years combined pill use
Early signs of cervical cancer
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (PC, IM, PM)
- Offensive vaginal discharge
Late signs of cervical cancer
- uraemia (urea in blood)
- haematuria
- PR bleeding
- pelvic pain
Investigations for cervical cancer
- BIOPSY: Diagnosis
- PV & PR: for staging
- CYSTOSCOPY: detects bladder involvement
- MRI: detects size, spread, LN involvement
Common sits of mets for cervical cancer
- lung
- liver
- bone
- bowel
Most common type of ovarian cancer overall
Epithelial carcinoma (serous cystadenoma is most common type of epithelial cancer)
Most common type of ovarian cancer in women under 30
Germ cell tumour
Which gynae cancer has the poorest prognosis
Ovarian (as it presents late)
Generally, what is the main risk factor for
- cervical cancer
- ovarian cancer
- endometrial cancer
Cervical: HPV infx
Ovarian: incessant ovulation
Endometrial: high oestrogen levels
3 different types of primary ovarian cancers
- Epithelial (most common)
- Germ cell
- Sex cord
Most common type of ovarian epithelial tumour
Serous cystadenoma
Most common type of ovarian germ cell tumour
Dermoid cyst (benign)
Teratoma is malignant version of dermoid cyst
Which 3 cancers are associated with BRCA1 and BRCA 2
- Breast
- Ovarian
- Pancreatic
Between BRCA1 and BRCA2, which is more likely to cause ovarian cancer
BRCA1
Which 3 cancers are associated with HNPCC (Lynch syndrome)
- Colorectal
- Endometrial
- Ovarian
In terms of menstrual and childbearing factors, what are risk factors for ovarian and endometrial cancer
- Early menarche
- Late menopause
- Nulliparity
(but breastfeeding is protective)
Are malignant ovarian tumours more likely to be
- hard/ soft
- large/ small
Malignant:
- Hard
- Small
Which gynae cancers is Ca125 a marker for
- Ovarian + fallopian tube
2. Endometrial
What 2 blood tests can be done to differentiate ovarian germ cell tumour from epithelial tumour
- Alpha fetoprotein
- hCG
(indicate germ cell tumour)
Most common gynae cancer
Endometrial
