GUT- you are what you eat Flashcards
distinguish between Nutrients, food and diet
diet - sum of food consumed by a person
food - substances that we take into the body
nutrients - components of food
what are the major components of the diet
fat carbs protein alcohol fibre vitamins trace mineral
what are considered normal nutrient requirements
1/3 starchy foods, 1/3 veg 5 a day non-dairy proteins - 2 portions per day dairy - 2/3 servings per day cakes / biscuits/ chocolate- as little as possible
why do we estimate nutritional requirements
to prevent disease and safeguard against toxicity (from too much e.g., vitamin A)
what are dietary reference values
estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients required by different groups of healthy people in the UK population
they do not apply to people who are unwell, for from outside the UK
what are the four types of DRV
estimated average requirement (EAR)
reference nutrient intake (RNI) - 2sd over EAR
lower reference nutrient intake (LNRI)
Safe intake - (SI)
what adaptions does the body have to maintain nutritional status
as the body pool of vitamins decrease- the rate of utilisation decreases
if low protein - body supresses AA breakdown
if low calories- body supresses metabolic rate
how is total energy expenditure calculated
BMR + diet induced thermogenesis + activity +/- physiological stress
what is the metabolic response to starvation
adaptive process
maintains the supply of glucose to tissues
minimise protein losses
decrease in mass of metabolically active tissues (liver/GI)
in prolonged starvation - metabolic rate falls by 30%
what is the metabolic response to injury / trauma
different to starvation
need to mobilise energy for defence and repair
increased BMR
3 stages
what are the three stages of metabolic response to injury
ebb phase - energy reserves are mobilised but the body struggles to use this - reduction in metabolic rate
flow phase- muscles are being broken down for gluconeogenesis- increase in BMR- increase in temp
anabolic phase (recovery phase) - building up of energy stores- nutritional therapy to increase protein synthesis and restore lean body mass
what things affect nutrient requirements
age, gender body size, level of physical activity, state of health, physiological status (pregnancy)< growth
how can anaemia arise
bleeding, dietary lacking, disease
how can diet cause a nutritional deficiency to arise
be lacking in nutrients,
some lacking nutrients can have a detrimental effect on others (e.g., need vit D to absorb calcium)
certain foods inhibit absorption - tea inhibits iron
what is malnutrition
a nutritional imbalance
not just under nutrition
over nutrition and over nutrition can exist at the same time - obese individuals can be deficient
what is over nutrition
a condition of excess nutrient and energy intake over tie - regarded as a form of malnutrition
what is BMI
body mass index -
weight (kg) over Height (m)^2
what are the limits for bmi
healthy - 18.5-24.9 overweight - 35-29.9 obese I- 30.34.9 obese II - 35-39.9 obese III- 40+
how does being obese harm health
increased risk of: heart disease stroke depression and anxeity sleep apnoea asthma type 2 diabetes osteoarthritis reproductive complications cancer liver disease
what are the consequences of under nutrition
immune system - less able to fight infection
impaired wound healing
loss of muscle mass - falls, pressure ulcers etc..
kidneys - over / dehydration
reproduction - reduces fertility
brain - apathy, depression
impaired temperature regulation
micronutrient deficiencies - anaemia, rickets, scurvy
what is involved in screening for malnutrition
BMI weight loss score acute disease effect score overall risk of malnutrition management guidelines
what is included in SGA (subjective global assessment)
anthropometry - external measurement of body comp - weight, BMI, weight loss, arm muscle circumference, hand grip, waist circumference
biochemical and haematological markers - albumin, urea
clinical state and physical condition
diet
what are the clinical presentations of malnutrition
sunken eyes/ dry mouth/ dry skin
loose clothing / rings
pressure sores
diarrhoea / vomiting / pain
