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Y1S3 Medicine > GUT- Control of Food Intake > Flashcards

GUT- Control of Food Intake Flashcards

1
Q

define hunger

A

discomfort caused by lack of food and the desire to eat - a strong physiological craving / drive for food / sensation of emptiness in the stomach

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2
Q

define satiety

A

state of being full after eating food (no longer need to continue eating)

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3
Q

define aphagia

A

inability to refusal to swallow

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4
Q

define hyperphagia / polyphagia

A

abnormal desire for food (unsatisfied extreme drive to eat)

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5
Q

what factors influence appetite

A

family gatherings, food palatability, emotional, habitual, circadian factors

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6
Q

what controls food intake

A

hypothalamic control - young people can maintain constant body weight - ability to do so decreases with age

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7
Q

how does stimulation and lesion of ventromedial nuclei affect food intake

A

stimulation - aphagia (swallowing difficulty)

lesions - hyperphagia (increased appetite or excessive hunger)

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8
Q

how does stimulation and lesion of lateral hypothalamus affect food intake

A

stimulation - increase feeding

lesion - aphagia

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9
Q

what is the role of orexigenic neurotransmitters

A

increases appetite

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10
Q

what is the role of anorexigenic neurotransmitters

A

decrease appetite

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11
Q

which feeding behaviour is modulated by the lateral hypothalamus

A

hunger / thirst

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12
Q

which feeding behaviour is modulated by ventromedial nucleus

A

satiety centre

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13
Q

which feeding behaviour is modulated by dorsomedial nucleus

A

modulates energy intake

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14
Q

which feeding behaviour is modulated by paraventricular nucleus

A

modulated feeding behaviour - increase / decrease feeding

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15
Q

what effect does leptin have on food intake

A

decrease

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16
Q

which feeding behaviour is modulated by arcuate nucleus

A

neurons produce orexigenic signals - increase feeding

17
Q

which feeding behaviour is modulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

human body clock located here - circadian rhythm - mood / drive to eat

18
Q

which feeding behaviour is modulated by medial amygdaloid nucleus

A

regulation of food intake (by binding of ligands)

19
Q

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in control of food intake

A

influences food seeking behaviour
integrates sensory information from inside and outside the body
recieves emotional and cognitive information from the limbic system
helps one make choices by translating all of the homeostatic and environmental information into a behavioural response

20
Q

what is the role of the limbic system in modulating food intake

A

nerve network which is concerned with instinct, learning, reproductive behaviour, emotions / mood (pleasure, fear)

act of satiation of feeding behaviour associated with moto planning and execution

21
Q

which factors affect if food is sought and what type we ingest

A 
food preferences
emotions 
environment (cold environments stimulate feeding whilst hot environments reduce appetite
lifestyle
circadian rhythms
individual based requirements
22
Q

what signals appetite

A

glucose concentration in the blood - stimulates glucose receptors in the hypothalamus

a decrease in blood sugar signals hunger

an increase in blood glucose signals satiety

23
Q

what is the role of gut hormones in signalling appetite

A

fat ingestion causes CCK release and the slowing of gastric emptying - sense of fullness

CCK and somatostatin are satiety factors - inhibit further food intake

24
Q

what type of cells secrete leptin

A

fat cells

25
Q

what is the mechanism of action of leptin

A

acts on the hypothalamus and changes food intake

increases the expression of anorexigenic factors (POMC, CART, CRH)

inhibits neuropeptide Y which stimulates feeding

26
Q

what effect is seen in humans with leptin deficiency / leptin receptor defects

A

hyperphagia and severe obesity

27
Q

what is ghrelin

A

appetite inducing hormone

28
Q

what is the mechanism of action of ghrelin

A

increases central orexins (NPY, AgRP)

circulating levels of ghrelin are high pre-prandially and low post-prandially

29
Q

what inhibits the secretion of ghrelin

A

leptin

30
Q

where is obestatin produced

A

epithelial cells of the stomach

31
Q

what is the function of obestatin

A

opposes the effect of ghrelin

supresses food intake
antagonises ghrelin induced food intake

obstatin mediates its effects via different receptors to ghrelin

32
Q

what physiological factors give rise to early satiety

A

reduced capacity to eat
a small meal = state of satiety

gastroparesis (reduced gastric emptying)

cancer
reflux
peptic ulcers
vagotomy impairs accomodation and empyting - a cause of early satiety in some patients

Y1S3 Medicine (14 decks)

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