GS1 Flashcards
I. Indian History -1.Extremists and Gandhi
Extremists and their methods wider social base national pride, vedic history swaraj different meanings for different leaders tilak -not absolute freedom, aurobondo-self rule, pal-absolute freedom. hindu-muslim division wider social base national pride, vedic history swaraj different meanings for different leaders tilak -not absolute freedom, aurobondo-self rule, pal-absolute freedom. hindu-muslim division Gandhian methods and principles critique of western civilisation involvement of women and peasants tactical-struggle and truce. experience in south africa hindu muslim unity critique of western civilisation involvement of women and peasants tactical-struggle and truce. experience in south africa hindu muslim unity Is Gandhi more radical ? Mass base more fundamental critique of british also western civilisation. method of ahimsa and swadeshi Mass base more fundamental critique of british also western civilisation. method of ahimsa and swadeshi Gandhi redefined the contemporary meaning of radicalism methods guiding principles of INM from 1920s, influenced later congress, leaders and british response to INM. redefined the contemporary meaning of radicalism methods guiding principles of INM from 1920s, influenced later congress, leaders and british response to INM.
2.GOI Act 1858
GOI act 1858 changed fundamental relations between Britain and colonial India
context
rebellion of 1857
resentment against british
corruption of company officials and backlash in britain
US independent.
technological developments in UK
second British empire
telegraph etc, british can directly see.
before the act
colonial India and east india company relation
annexation of native states (doctrine of lapse)
exploitative revenue policy
trade monopoly
charter act of 1833
end as a commercial body
governor general of india
provisions of GOI act 1858
liquidation of company
queen became the ruler of india-british colony
birtish parliament -secretary of state (MP) and accountability to british people
ICS and provision for Indians
changes brought by the act
single authority (secretary of state ) from dual government (BoC and CoD) -vigorous and steady home control
indifference and apathy of parliament after 1858-finances were not paid from british finance bill, but from indian revenues.
india office (in london ) had members from BoC and CoD -so effectively erstwhile company officials controlled matters
governor general began to become powerful
conclusion
GOi Act 1858 was an extension of the administrative reforms of British in India
Responsibility of the british parliament made indian affairs a moral and political one
gave filip to national movement
indian matters could be influenced by british public opinion
india officially became part of british colonial system
other european countries wanting land. colonialism bigger . scramble of africa, to world war 1.
context
rebellion of 1857
resentment against british
corruption of company officials and backlash in britain
US independent.
technological developments in UK
second British empire
telegraph etc, british can directly see.
before the act
colonial India and east india company relation
annexation of native states (doctrine of lapse)
exploitative revenue policy
trade monopoly
charter act of 1833
end as a commercial body
governor general of india
provisions of GOI act 1858
liquidation of company
queen became the ruler of india-british colony
birtish parliament -secretary of state (MP) and accountability to british people
ICS and provision for Indians
changes brought by the act
single authority (secretary of state ) from dual government (BoC and CoD) -vigorous and steady home control
indifference and apathy of parliament after 1858-finances were not paid from british finance bill, but from indian revenues.
india office (in london ) had members from BoC and CoD -so effectively erstwhile company officials controlled matters
governor general began to become powerful
conclusion
GOi Act 1858 was an extension of the administrative reforms of British in India
Responsibility of the british parliament made indian affairs a moral and political one
gave filip to national movement
indian matters could be influenced by british public opinion
india officially became part of british colonial system
other european countries wanting land. colonialism bigger . scramble of africa, to world war 1.
3.Constitutional reforms and indian political development
Intro
Context of political developments
Consolidation of INC
Change of leadership in INC
Moderates -extremists-gndhi
groups outside the INC
revolutionaries
muslim league and hindu maha sabha
move towards independence, parliamentary democracy with provincial units and a strong central government.
Context of political developments
Consolidation of INC
Change of leadership in INC
Moderates -extremists-gndhi
groups outside the INC
revolutionaries
muslim league and hindu maha sabha
move towards independence, parliamentary democracy with provincial units and a strong central government.
body paragraphs
morley-minto reforms
context
provisions
Morley-Minto reforms
separate electorate for muslims,increase in indian representation especially in provinces
opposition-territorial electorate,reduction of official block
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
context
provisions -expansion of provincial legislative councils, GG’s power in centre, dyarchy, officials responsible to indian legislatures
opposition-failed promises during WW1, regressive legislations like Rowlatt Act
Government of India Act 1935
autonomy +Assertion of centre
provision for britain to intervene-WW2, GG’s powers and resignation of congress ministries.
Impact on Indian political development
response to new situations affected how INC has evolved
weakening of the moderates, extremist rise and religious turn
increased responsibility to elected officials following 1909 Act-increased importance of leaders
lead to strong executive within INC, well defined electorate and negotiations mechanisms within
imitation of 1909 Act and centralisation within INC
non-cooperation, official control over legislatures led to creation of parallel governments-INC into PCCs based on linguistic provinces
more devolution on power after 1920s by Britain,more importance to central units of INC
nehru report, secular nature of state and FRs
poona pact-anti-communal award conference of upper caste hindus
separation of congress organisation and congress ministries.
morley-minto reforms
context
provisions
Morley-Minto reforms
separate electorate for muslims,increase in indian representation especially in provinces
opposition-territorial electorate,reduction of official block
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
context
provisions -expansion of provincial legislative councils, GG’s power in centre, dyarchy, officials responsible to indian legislatures
opposition-failed promises during WW1, regressive legislations like Rowlatt Act
Government of India Act 1935
autonomy +Assertion of centre
provision for britain to intervene-WW2, GG’s powers and resignation of congress ministries.
Impact on Indian political development
response to new situations affected how INC has evolved
weakening of the moderates, extremist rise and religious turn
increased responsibility to elected officials following 1909 Act-increased importance of leaders
lead to strong executive within INC, well defined electorate and negotiations mechanisms within
imitation of 1909 Act and centralisation within INC
non-cooperation, official control over legislatures led to creation of parallel governments-INC into PCCs based on linguistic provinces
more devolution on power after 1920s by Britain,more importance to central units of INC
nehru report, secular nature of state and FRs
poona pact-anti-communal award conference of upper caste hindus
separation of congress organisation and congress ministries.
conclusion
constitutional assembly and conservative turn of congress
congress retaining tones of british reforms
stability of union vs revolutionary aspirations
unity for fight against british + fights within the party -accommodation of diverse trends
increased role of central leadership
towards partition.
constitutional assembly and conservative turn of congress
congress retaining tones of british reforms
stability of union vs revolutionary aspirations
unity for fight against british + fights within the party -accommodation of diverse trends
increased role of central leadership
towards partition.
4.Marginalised sections and freedom struggle
Intro
Dominant view of the social situation of India
INC-separated social issues from political issues
caste, gender and class
unity and harmony of cultures
removing british is the most important and probably the first step towards independence
INM and the dominant view
INC had this view but other streams of thought also affected INM
Phule, Narayana Guru, Ambedkar, Bhagat Singh, Gandhi etc
Dalit and marginalised perspective
no meaning for independence as long as the social relations in India are changed
hence caste system has to be changed
women’s empowerment should go hand in hand with political struggle against British
adivasi land was exploited by the British and so it will be under independent India
India is deeply divided along these stratification lines
change of leadership will only make the upper caste men replacing British- white by brown -maintaining the status quo for the marginalised and dalits
INM and marginalised views
INM= a broad movement accommodating diverse voices
industrialisation vs village
primacy of caste in indian society
INM was not just against British -included debates from within also
nehru-gandhi, gandhi ambedkar
socialists in INC
tribal question -elvin v/s assimilation policy
INM -mass movement as a result of accommodation
challenges to accommodation
token representation to women, dalits and adivasis
‘others’ representing voices of the marginalised
hold of the elites in the leadership of INM
conclusion
how it shaped INM and further developments
was able to bring in the perspectives of the marginalised and bring our caste, gender and class issues to the forefront
opened debates about indian society and the evils within
affected the constitution making
reservation for Sc/ST
DPSPs
socialist emphasis
equal pay for men and women
fifth and sixth schedule.
Dominant view of the social situation of India
INC-separated social issues from political issues
caste, gender and class
unity and harmony of cultures
removing british is the most important and probably the first step towards independence
INM and the dominant view
INC had this view but other streams of thought also affected INM
Phule, Narayana Guru, Ambedkar, Bhagat Singh, Gandhi etc
Dalit and marginalised perspective
no meaning for independence as long as the social relations in India are changed
hence caste system has to be changed
women’s empowerment should go hand in hand with political struggle against British
adivasi land was exploited by the British and so it will be under independent India
India is deeply divided along these stratification lines
change of leadership will only make the upper caste men replacing British- white by brown -maintaining the status quo for the marginalised and dalits
INM and marginalised views
INM= a broad movement accommodating diverse voices
industrialisation vs village
primacy of caste in indian society
INM was not just against British -included debates from within also
nehru-gandhi, gandhi ambedkar
socialists in INC
tribal question -elvin v/s assimilation policy
INM -mass movement as a result of accommodation
challenges to accommodation
token representation to women, dalits and adivasis
‘others’ representing voices of the marginalised
hold of the elites in the leadership of INM
conclusion
how it shaped INM and further developments
was able to bring in the perspectives of the marginalised and bring our caste, gender and class issues to the forefront
opened debates about indian society and the evils within
affected the constitution making
reservation for Sc/ST
DPSPs
socialist emphasis
equal pay for men and women
fifth and sixth schedule.
- Gupta Era
Intro
arguments for gupta age as the golden age of India
economy, textile sector, gold coins , cities , literature, art and architecture flurished
revival of hinduism and gradual decline of Buddhism and Jainism started during tis period
associated with golden age during the 19th and 20th century as response to colonial rule
was gupta age golden age of India ?
differing opinions
trade showed declining trend
solidification of caste segregations
position of women lowered= exchanged for family gains and sati
feudalism and related impoverishment of land holdings for the majority
thus golden age only for the richer class and upper castes.
gupta age as golden age of sanskrit
sanskrit flourished in the Gupta empire
Prose, Lyrics, poetry, plays, and epics in sanskrit
major figures
kalidasa- abhinjalashakunthalam (play), kumarasambhavam (epic poem ), raghuvamsam (poem), malavikagnimitram (drama ) etc
vatsyayana -nyaya sutra, kama sutra
vishakadatta -mudrarakshasa ,devichandraguptam(plays)
vishnu sharma-panchatantram
magha, bharavi etc
epics- ramayana and mahabharata, smritis were given final additions. some chapters added
philosophies - samkya, yoga, nyaya, vaisheshika, mimasa, and smriti literature flourished
poetics, grammar and dictionary
mathematics, medicine, science and astrology , literature-varahamihira, brahmagupta, aryabhatta, susruta etc
Subtopic 8
arguments for gupta age as the golden age of India
economy, textile sector, gold coins , cities , literature, art and architecture flurished
revival of hinduism and gradual decline of Buddhism and Jainism started during tis period
associated with golden age during the 19th and 20th century as response to colonial rule
was gupta age golden age of India ?
differing opinions
trade showed declining trend
solidification of caste segregations
position of women lowered= exchanged for family gains and sati
feudalism and related impoverishment of land holdings for the majority
thus golden age only for the richer class and upper castes.
gupta age as golden age of sanskrit
sanskrit flourished in the Gupta empire
Prose, Lyrics, poetry, plays, and epics in sanskrit
major figures
kalidasa- abhinjalashakunthalam (play), kumarasambhavam (epic poem ), raghuvamsam (poem), malavikagnimitram (drama ) etc
vatsyayana -nyaya sutra, kama sutra
vishakadatta -mudrarakshasa ,devichandraguptam(plays)
vishnu sharma-panchatantram
magha, bharavi etc
epics- ramayana and mahabharata, smritis were given final additions. some chapters added
philosophies - samkya, yoga, nyaya, vaisheshika, mimasa, and smriti literature flourished
poetics, grammar and dictionary
mathematics, medicine, science and astrology , literature-varahamihira, brahmagupta, aryabhatta, susruta etc
Subtopic 8
conclusion
guptas contributed immensely towards arts,literature, science, and mathematics
sanskrit played the key role here and development of sanskrit reached its peak
influence of epics, shastras, and other works can still be seen.guptas carried these literature to other parts of their empire.
but the period was also marked by social inequality,economic decline and segregations. use of sanskritwas also restricted to the upper sections of the society.
guptas contributed immensely towards arts,literature, science, and mathematics
sanskrit played the key role here and development of sanskrit reached its peak
influence of epics, shastras, and other works can still be seen.guptas carried these literature to other parts of their empire.
but the period was also marked by social inequality,economic decline and segregations. use of sanskritwas also restricted to the upper sections of the society.
- Quit India movement
Intro
At the time when Japan was advancing towards colonial India and Cripps Mission had failed (8th aug , 1942)
Gandhi and INC gave call to ask the British to ‘Quit India’
opposed dragging India into WW2 and rejected the dominion status granted to India and asked for an immediate withdrawal of Britain.
Major leaders were arrested. New leaders from socialist party- Lohia, JP, Aruna Asaf Ali etc led the movement
Brutally suppressed by Britain and lakhs of people were put behind bars.
At the time when Japan was advancing towards colonial India and Cripps Mission had failed (8th aug , 1942)
Gandhi and INC gave call to ask the British to ‘Quit India’
opposed dragging India into WW2 and rejected the dominion status granted to India and asked for an immediate withdrawal of Britain.
Major leaders were arrested. New leaders from socialist party- Lohia, JP, Aruna Asaf Ali etc led the movement
Brutally suppressed by Britain and lakhs of people were put behind bars.
Body
Quit India Movement, NCM and CDM
Leadership
Absence of entire Congress LEadership-all of them were arrested within a week of the declaration
Showcased the ability of local congress leadership to guide the struggle when directives from centre were absent
Disillusionment of local leaders with Gandhian methods of Satyagraha, and non-violence especially students and youth.
Participation
Paticipation of peasants was bereft of anti-zamindari politics unlike NCM and CDM and focussed on overthrow of Britsh. New array of women leadership emerged -Asaf Ali, Klapana Joshi, Preeti Waddadar, Karnataka Barua etc
More of a spontaneous revolution across India for first time in such a scale
Had elements of violence in movement and local members equated their methods with Gandhian ideals
Sustainability
INC was also seeing its support base sinking for first time -it was a cry of a party in distress also
new dimension of grassroot politics emerged
established parallel governments
consolidated anti-british sentiments in the local level
showed competence of Indians to conduct own affairs
Sustained in Talcher (orissa, satara (maharashtra) and Midnapur (bengal)
massive use of vernacular literature pamphlets and posters
conlcusion
Quit India movement was final blow to rule of British Raj
INC as a party changed
RSS, Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim LEague became stronger
many state level leaders emerged and CPI enlarged its base
showed deviation from Gandhian path , and there were differing opinions about what Gandhi meant by ‘Do or Die’
showed the autonomy of regional political units. Involved women, students and peasants from rural India Hindu-Muslim division in National movement also reached its climax in Quit India movement. Quit India Movement, NCM and CDM Leadership Absence of entire Congress LEadership-all of them were arrested within a week of the declaration Showcased the ability of local congress leadership to guide the struggle when directives from centre were absent Disillusionment of local leaders with Gandhian methods of Satyagraha, and non-violence especially students and youth. Participation Paticipation of peasants was bereft of anti-zamindari politics unlike NCM and CDM and focussed on overthrow of Britsh. New array of women leadership emerged -Asaf Ali, Klapana Joshi, Preeti Waddadar, Karnataka Barua etc More of a spontaneous revolution across India for first time in such a scale Had elements of violence in movement and local members equated their methods with Gandhian ideals Sustainability INC was also seeing its support base sinking for first time -it was a cry of a party in distress also new dimension of grassroot politics emerged established parallel governments consolidated anti-british sentiments in the local level showed competence of Indians to conduct own affairs Sustained in Talcher (orissa, satara (maharashtra) and Midnapur (bengal) massive use of vernacular literature pamphlets and posters conlcusion Quit India movement was final blow to rule of British Raj INC as a party changed RSS, Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim LEague became stronger many state level leaders emerged and CPI enlarged its base showed deviation from Gandhian path , and there were differing opinions about what Gandhi meant by 'Do or Die' showed the autonomy of regional political units. Involved women, students and peasants from rural India Hindu-Muslim division in National movement also reached its climax in Quit India movement.
d39economic politique critique of colonial rule not social critique
intro
colonialism and indian critique
early phase, drain of wealth theory
naoroji and how britain is looting India
INC and movement towards political critique, critique of colonial governance
bhagat singh and political economy critique of colonialism
Subtopic 6
Subtopic 5
economic critique
drain of wealth, use of wealth for british benefit
trade manipulation
oppressive land revenue systems
extraction by company officials
colonialism and indian critique
early phase, drain of wealth theory
naoroji and how britain is looting India
INC and movement towards political critique, critique of colonial governance
bhagat singh and political economy critique of colonialism
Subtopic 6
Subtopic 5
economic critique
drain of wealth, use of wealth for british benefit
trade manipulation
oppressive land revenue systems
extraction by company officials
body
economic critique to political critique of colonialism
moderates of INC forwarded the economic critique initially
which soon gained traction as economic nationalism, backwardness of India is not because of internal factors but because of colonialism
related this economic loot to political rule of britain-economic essence of capitalism to colonialism
thus british are not patrons who wish to develop india but organised looters
gave filip to the political mobilisation -foreing rule cannot serve indian interests-political self determination is necessary
thus call for swaraj , self rule , dominion status and independence.
Place of social critique of Indian in the anti colonial struggle
separation of the social issues from political issues -INC’s resolution
need to accommodate landed aristocracy, local kings and domestic industrialists in the INM.
low representation of Dalits, adivasis, and women in leadership role of INM
support to british education and western value by phule, ambedkar etc
early critique of social system, from the likes of Ram Mohan Roy,was not a critique of colonialism.
conclusion
social critique, though not dominant, was also part of the colonial critique
revolutionaries talked about the oppression of the peasants and the workers at the hand of Indian landlords
gandhi extended his critique to the critique of social evils
INM adopted measures to bring in voting rights for women even when it was absent in many western countries.
temple entry movements, measures against untouchability and redistribution of wealth was also part of INM
Impact on post independent developments
affirmative action for socially disadvantaged groups
constitutional protection against social discrimination.
economic critique to political critique of colonialism
moderates of INC forwarded the economic critique initially
which soon gained traction as economic nationalism, backwardness of India is not because of internal factors but because of colonialism
related this economic loot to political rule of britain-economic essence of capitalism to colonialism
thus british are not patrons who wish to develop india but organised looters
gave filip to the political mobilisation -foreing rule cannot serve indian interests-political self determination is necessary
thus call for swaraj , self rule , dominion status and independence.
Place of social critique of Indian in the anti colonial struggle
separation of the social issues from political issues -INC’s resolution
need to accommodate landed aristocracy, local kings and domestic industrialists in the INM.
low representation of Dalits, adivasis, and women in leadership role of INM
support to british education and western value by phule, ambedkar etc
early critique of social system, from the likes of Ram Mohan Roy,was not a critique of colonialism.
conclusion
social critique, though not dominant, was also part of the colonial critique
revolutionaries talked about the oppression of the peasants and the workers at the hand of Indian landlords
gandhi extended his critique to the critique of social evils
INM adopted measures to bring in voting rights for women even when it was absent in many western countries.
temple entry movements, measures against untouchability and redistribution of wealth was also part of INM
Impact on post independent developments
affirmative action for socially disadvantaged groups
constitutional protection against social discrimination.
d43- Young Turks movement and Indian national movement
Intro
young turks movement
vouched for turkish nationalism against pan -ottoman identity
revolted for greater constitutionalism and a popular government against the ottoman sultanate
succeeded in establishing a centralised, secular legal system and promoted industrialisation
joined WW1 supported the Central powers (germany )
failed in the WW1 , but had opened debates about pan-Islamism , and Turkish nationalism
how it boosted Indian National Movement
the Pan Islamist identity dominated debates in Turkey caught the attention of the Indian Muslim Leaders
Indian muslims , pleaded the British to restore the caliphate, and the areas.
The western educated Indian muslims viewed the attack on caliphate as an attack on the idea of islam, and hence Indian muslims
Made anti-British sentiments stronger among Indian muslims, and gave boost to the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between League and INC
MAss mobilization using religious symbols worked, and it gave power to the first mass movement -NCM
Khilafat movement took up the call of Swaraj as well. Hindu Muslim unity reached its peak in many parts of India
religious division following Turkish nationalist movement and WW1
many leaders in the Khilafat movement treated it as not a movement primarily against the british , but as a religious movement thus causing fissure in the unity among Hindus and Muslim on the long term
feeling of betrayal among a section of the Muslim leaders following the unilateral withdrawal of NCM by gandhi
the unity among Indian muslims, and success of INC , created fear among the extremist Hindus and they carried propaganda
LEague also felt threatened by the reach that Khilafat-NCM gave to INC.
The extremist faction in INM was using Hindu religious symbols, Hindu Maha Sabha and League started using religion much more openly and religion took a central stage in INM.
young turks movement and its impact
brought the question of pan-islam identity and its threat to Islam to the forefront and made the Indian Muslims critical of British rule
Made the INM mass based, and gave it a pan-Indian movement
the rejection of pan-Islamism by Ataturk gave the final blow to the Indian Khilafat movement but it was successful in creating Hindu-Muslim unity at an unprecedented level
But it also sow the seeds of religious division among Indian muslims -that pan Islam identity is better than national identity -and the extremist elements in the Hindu and Muslim side used it for political gains.
young turks movement
vouched for turkish nationalism against pan -ottoman identity
revolted for greater constitutionalism and a popular government against the ottoman sultanate
succeeded in establishing a centralised, secular legal system and promoted industrialisation
joined WW1 supported the Central powers (germany )
failed in the WW1 , but had opened debates about pan-Islamism , and Turkish nationalism
how it boosted Indian National Movement
the Pan Islamist identity dominated debates in Turkey caught the attention of the Indian Muslim Leaders
Indian muslims , pleaded the British to restore the caliphate, and the areas.
The western educated Indian muslims viewed the attack on caliphate as an attack on the idea of islam, and hence Indian muslims
Made anti-British sentiments stronger among Indian muslims, and gave boost to the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between League and INC
MAss mobilization using religious symbols worked, and it gave power to the first mass movement -NCM
Khilafat movement took up the call of Swaraj as well. Hindu Muslim unity reached its peak in many parts of India
religious division following Turkish nationalist movement and WW1
many leaders in the Khilafat movement treated it as not a movement primarily against the british , but as a religious movement thus causing fissure in the unity among Hindus and Muslim on the long term
feeling of betrayal among a section of the Muslim leaders following the unilateral withdrawal of NCM by gandhi
the unity among Indian muslims, and success of INC , created fear among the extremist Hindus and they carried propaganda
LEague also felt threatened by the reach that Khilafat-NCM gave to INC.
The extremist faction in INM was using Hindu religious symbols, Hindu Maha Sabha and League started using religion much more openly and religion took a central stage in INM.
young turks movement and its impact
brought the question of pan-islam identity and its threat to Islam to the forefront and made the Indian Muslims critical of British rule
Made the INM mass based, and gave it a pan-Indian movement
the rejection of pan-Islamism by Ataturk gave the final blow to the Indian Khilafat movement but it was successful in creating Hindu-Muslim unity at an unprecedented level
But it also sow the seeds of religious division among Indian muslims -that pan Islam identity is better than national identity -and the extremist elements in the Hindu and Muslim side used it for political gains.
d51- revolutionaries and freedom struggle
Intro
revolutionaries in Indian freedom struggle
disillusionment with the methods of the moderates and failure of extremists to bring in any real change
Gandhian methods were considered as a way forward but the abrupt withdrawal of NCM led to dissatisfaction
Anushilan Samiti in Bengal, India House in London, HRA (later Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ) were hub of revolutionary activities.
Members of these organisations as well as independent activists , believed that armed struggle against the British rule is the way forward.
they were crushed by the British but had significant impact on the INM during the 20th century
revolutionaries in Indian freedom struggle
disillusionment with the methods of the moderates and failure of extremists to bring in any real change
Gandhian methods were considered as a way forward but the abrupt withdrawal of NCM led to dissatisfaction
Anushilan Samiti in Bengal, India House in London, HRA (later Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ) were hub of revolutionary activities.
Members of these organisations as well as independent activists , believed that armed struggle against the British rule is the way forward.
they were crushed by the British but had significant impact on the INM during the 20th century
body
Philosophy of the revolutionaries
varied with each organisation and leadership
all of them believed that armed struggle and violence be a means for fighting the british
Reasons for violence varied from individual brutality of british officers to british policies to revenge on governmental repression to violence as a means to attract attention
Chapekar brothers aimed at the actions of Gen.Rand in Pune, PRafullaChowki, Khudiram Bose aimed un unpopular magistrate.,Rash Behari Bose aimed at Lord HArdinge, Surya Sen aimed at establishing a parallel governance machinery, Bhagat Singh aimed at British Imperialism and capitalism through violence
Organisations like HSRA and revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh related british colonialism with capitalism and gave a deeper critique of colonialism than his contemporary freedom fighters in INC and outside.
they pointed out at the limits of the methods of their contemporaries and attracted a whole generation of youth into INM.
they revealed the contradictions in British liberalism-freedom at home at the cost of brutal suppressions abroad.
at the same time excessive violence alienated people and gave legitimacy to brutal suppression by the British.
Bose and INA sided with Fascists during WW2 and could not see the racism and genocidal tendency of the axis powers
Philosophy of the revolutionaries
varied with each organisation and leadership
all of them believed that armed struggle and violence be a means for fighting the british
Reasons for violence varied from individual brutality of british officers to british policies to revenge on governmental repression to violence as a means to attract attention
Chapekar brothers aimed at the actions of Gen.Rand in Pune, PRafullaChowki, Khudiram Bose aimed un unpopular magistrate.,Rash Behari Bose aimed at Lord HArdinge, Surya Sen aimed at establishing a parallel governance machinery, Bhagat Singh aimed at British Imperialism and capitalism through violence
Organisations like HSRA and revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh related british colonialism with capitalism and gave a deeper critique of colonialism than his contemporary freedom fighters in INC and outside.
they pointed out at the limits of the methods of their contemporaries and attracted a whole generation of youth into INM.
they revealed the contradictions in British liberalism-freedom at home at the cost of brutal suppressions abroad.
at the same time excessive violence alienated people and gave legitimacy to brutal suppression by the British.
Bose and INA sided with Fascists during WW2 and could not see the racism and genocidal tendency of the axis powers
Conclusion
While some of the revolutionaries had progressive philosophies to guide their actions , not all shared similar critique of colonialism.
some of them went to the extend of supporting colonial government and proposing that muslims and other minorities were the real enemies.
most of them acted on individual capacity and did not connect with the masses and hence did not derive support during their active phase.
their activities put pressure on the INC and its leaders to press for freedom and popularised anti colonial struggle across India.
While some of the revolutionaries had progressive philosophies to guide their actions , not all shared similar critique of colonialism.
some of them went to the extend of supporting colonial government and proposing that muslims and other minorities were the real enemies.
most of them acted on individual capacity and did not connect with the masses and hence did not derive support during their active phase.
their activities put pressure on the INC and its leaders to press for freedom and popularised anti colonial struggle across India.
II.World History-World War 1
First World War and fall of ottoman empire
WW 1 context
involved France, Britain,Russia , Serbia etc on one side and Germany, Hungary,Italy, and Turkey on other side
major reasons include
imperialism, nationalism, militarism, defence alliances etc
Immediate reason was the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist and imperial attitude of Austria-Hungary
Imperialist expansion of europe in 119th and 20th century
new imperialism and scramble for africa
industrial revolution-raw materials, labor and market
german and italian nationalisms and aspirations to become a colonial power
Britian france and russian empires
fall of ottoman empire
eastern question
crimean war-british and french expansion to russian expansion
european banking-german involvement in politics and interest of france
controlling balkan regions
russia moved closer to Britain and France following Germany’s step to put Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austria following its independence from Ottoman
Interest of European Nations over Ottoman Empires
Tilting of balance of power that Ottoman maintained
conclusion
formation of new nation states
turkey, saudi, yemen, lebanon etc
nationalist uprising against imperialism
india, egypt etc
imperialist agenda of european powers and seeds for WW2
humiliation of germany
revolution in Russia
WW 1 context
involved France, Britain,Russia , Serbia etc on one side and Germany, Hungary,Italy, and Turkey on other side
major reasons include
imperialism, nationalism, militarism, defence alliances etc
Immediate reason was the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist and imperial attitude of Austria-Hungary
Imperialist expansion of europe in 119th and 20th century
new imperialism and scramble for africa
industrial revolution-raw materials, labor and market
german and italian nationalisms and aspirations to become a colonial power
Britian france and russian empires
fall of ottoman empire
eastern question
crimean war-british and french expansion to russian expansion
european banking-german involvement in politics and interest of france
controlling balkan regions
russia moved closer to Britain and France following Germany’s step to put Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austria following its independence from Ottoman
Interest of European Nations over Ottoman Empires
Tilting of balance of power that Ottoman maintained
conclusion
formation of new nation states
turkey, saudi, yemen, lebanon etc
nationalist uprising against imperialism
india, egypt etc
imperialist agenda of european powers and seeds for WW2
humiliation of germany
revolution in Russia
d32-French revolution and rise of nationalism
French Revolution
Replaced ancient regime characterised by feudal relationships and raised motto of liberty, equality and fraternity
created french nation-with a sense of common heritage and imagination of a community
Nationalism
feeling of nation-hood , devotion to interest of a nation (characterised by territory, people, government and sovereignity)
power from monarchy to the citizens
began to rise throughout the world following French Revolution, 1789
French revolution and nationalism
created a sense of collective identity among people of France
fatherland, citizenship, national flag, election to assembly, national songs and french language
celebrated individuality and its virtues
equality and liberty- change of status of people from being subjects of king to equal right bearing citizens
fraternity - brotherhood between people of various social groups and imagination of a shared community
equated despotism with feudal world order and produced literature that exalted the virtues of nation-state
french army and sense of nationalisms abroad
feeling of nation-hood , devotion to interest of a nation (characterised by territory, people, government and sovereignity)
power from monarchy to the citizens
began to rise throughout the world following French Revolution, 1789
Replaced ancient regime characterised by feudal relationships and raised motto of liberty, equality and fraternity
created french nation-with a sense of common heritage and imagination of a community
Napolean , French Revolution and rise of nationalism across Europe
Made use of institutions of modern nationalism - a modern army, efficient administration, dynamic economy, abolition of feudalism etc
conquered almost all of Europe and extended Napoleonic code to all the conquered lands
overall improvement in trade, economic activities and poverty across administered terriories
uniform standards contributed to the rise of business class who supported nationalism in their own territories.
spirit of french revolution created aspirations in the conquered lands and national imaginations emerged in these areas.Businessman and monarchs found nationalism more useful than feudal order for their cause
eg: of Italy, germany etc
created a sense of collective identity among people of France
fatherland, citizenship, national flag, election to assembly, national songs and french language
celebrated individuality and its virtues
equality and liberty- change of status of people from being subjects of king to equal right bearing citizens
fraternity - brotherhood between people of various social groups and imagination of a shared community
equated despotism with feudal world order and produced literature that exalted the virtues of nation-state
french army and sense of nationalisms abroad
Made use of institutions of modern nationalism - a modern army, efficient administration, dynamic economy, abolition of feudalism etc
conquered almost all of Europe and extended Napoleonic code to all the conquered lands
overall improvement in trade, economic activities and poverty across administered terriories
uniform standards contributed to the rise of business class who supported nationalism in their own territories.
spirit of french revolution created aspirations in the conquered lands and national imaginations emerged in these areas.Businessman and monarchs found nationalism more useful than feudal order for their cause
eg: of Italy, germany etc
conclusion
french revolution contributed to the philosophy and practice of nationalism across Europe and the world..
Colonies began to aspire for independent nations-a political entity ruled by native population
nationalism has many manifestations -democracy, state , socialism, fascism, authoritarianism
spirit of revolution has been incorporated in almost all world constitutions, including India.
french revolution contributed to the philosophy and practice of nationalism across Europe and the world..
Colonies began to aspire for independent nations-a political entity ruled by native population
nationalism has many manifestations -democracy, state , socialism, fascism, authoritarianism
spirit of revolution has been incorporated in almost all world constitutions, including India.
Industrial revolution and colonialism mutually aiding
Industrial revolution
The revolutionary change in production process and output owing to a shift from agrarian, small scale sector to one dominated by industry and manufacturing
from 18th c, from britain to other parts of Europe
brought in technological, socio economic and cultural changes
colonialism
practice of domination , which involves subjugation of one people to another
as a practice existed throughout history but the European political domination from 16th to 20th century was peculiar because of the technological developments in navigation that connected more remote parts and scale and range of it.
Industrial revolution’s contribution to colonialism
manufacturing output of world increased 24 times from 18th to 20th century , concentrated in a small sets of countries
this surplus contributed to further development in technology, and demanded to find raw materials and new markets for finished goods
advancement in technology , navigation , transportation , communications, military and modern trade practices meant that European powers were at an advantageous position to conquer others
Improved productivity in European countries made their goods cheaper, and colonies domestic markets became dependent on them
the wealth of European countries gave social and moral superiority to the colonisers over the colonial subjects
colonialism contribution towards industrial revolution
provided necessary raw materials and a market for finished goods
drain of wealth from colonies provided the capital for further development in technological development
provided for cheap labour for producing surplus (in countries like US)
quest for new colonies and potential revenue from them pushed rulers of European countries to invest more in technological developments
Subtopic 5
conclusion
Britian, Belgium were early, France and GErmany followed
coincided with deindustrialisation of colonies and made them dependent on colonial masters for technology and products
even after end of colonial rule , erstwhile colonies acted as markets and source of raw materials.
highly uneven distribution of wealth in world can be related with how colonialism and industrial revolution unfolded in last two centuries
Britian, Belgium were early, France and GErmany followed
coincided with deindustrialisation of colonies and made them dependent on colonial masters for technology and products
even after end of colonial rule , erstwhile colonies acted as markets and source of raw materials.
practice of domination , which involves subjugation of one people to another
as a practice existed throughout history but the European political domination from 16th to 20th century was peculiar because of the technological developments in navigation that connected more remote parts and scale and range of it.
The revolutionary change in production process and output owing to a shift from agrarian, small scale sector to one dominated by industry and manufacturing
from 18th c, from britain to other parts of Europe
brought in technological, socio economic and cultural changes
manufacturing output of world increased 24 times from 18th to 20th century , concentrated in a small sets of countries
this surplus contributed to further development in technology, and demanded to find raw materials and new markets for finished goods
advancement in technology , navigation , transportation , communications, military and modern trade practices meant that European powers were at an advantageous position to conquer others
Improved productivity in European countries made their goods cheaper, and colonies domestic markets became dependent on them
the wealth of European countries gave social and moral superiority to the colonisers over the colonial subjects
provided necessary raw materials and a market for finished goods
drain of wealth from colonies provided the capital for further development in technological development
provided for cheap labour for producing surplus (in countries like US)
quest for new colonies and potential revenue from them pushed rulers of European countries to invest more in technological developments
Subtopic 5
highly uneven distribution of wealth in world can be related with how colonialism and industrial revolution unfolded in last two centuries
III.Art and Culture-D29-6th C BC and religious reform movements
Intro
Religious reform movements in 6th C BCE
movements away from Brahmin superiority during later vedic times
52 different sects;Buddhism and Jainism -major examples
Emphasis less on rituals and caste purity
Emphasis on action, speech, livelihood, effort and other material domains of human society.
Second urbanisation
rise of urban centres in the Indo-Gangetic planes during 6th C BCE
movement of Indo-Aryan groups into Gangetic Planes, with iron rods
Agrarian economy- trade economy
Rise of rulers, various professional classes and trade networks
increased production, surplus, and importance of cattle in sustaining agricultural base
second urbanisation and religious reform movements
rise of urban centres, trading communities demanded that existing social relations be changed
demanded recongnition and status for groups engaged in trading -break from vedic tradition
maintaining of trade networks-strong rulers, hence importance of Kshatriya class over Brahmin class
increased importance of agriculture to support urban centres -importance of cattle- ritual sacrifice needed to be cut down-non violence
urbanisation -need for peace-philosophies that emphasised brotherhood and materiality
increased importance of political over religious
conclusion
urbanisation and religious reform movements mutually reinforced each other
further developments in development of centralising states and religious movements
eg: how the rise of Mauryan empire coincided with religious reforms and urbanisation
contribution towards arts and architecture.
eg: Gandhara school of art.
d47-buddhism and jainism philosophy rituals
introduction
buddhism and jainism-philosophies
emphasise on the material world humans live in, the actions and karma of humans are decisive, and place human action at the centre of their philosophy
roleof gurus who are models, and hence whose path can be followed
presence of soul in all human beings/other life forms brings in equality as a fundamental feature
validity , and presence of clergy for guiding people and rejection of a creator God
different from later-vedic religion , which emphasised on strict social code and rituals for satisfying gods , in terms of all these aspects
later-vedic period
marked by the religious controls of the Brahmins, and the social rigidity that their religion emphasised.
placed limits of free movement of social groups and interaction between members of caste groups
women’s freedom was curtailed and strict monogamy with male head of the family became the norm
emphasis on ritual sacrifice of animals, especially cattle
power of religious over the political-priestly class’s superiority over political class.
changes that Buddhism and Jainism brought about
empahsised on non-violence , renunciated ritual sacrifice and rejected the primacy of the priestly class
emphasised on equality - between man/woman, different social groups/occupations and human/nature
rejection of god and acceptance of gurus >temples, images, monasteries, etc as sites of religion >new forms of art and architecture.
used local languages -pali, magadhi etc , which the common people also used thus enriching these languages and making religious discussions a part of everyday life
empahsis on peace and non-violence and missionary character of buddhism and jainism- support for ruling class, and getting support from ruling class
conclusion
the emphasis on materiality, human action and sense of equality was synchronous with the economic and political developments of the times
mauryan empire (especially ashoka ) was greatly influenced by Buddhist teachings and this contributed to the art , literature, and architecture of the times
following the decline of Buddhism and Jainism, the orthodoxy of the Vedic religion returns , and so is the reduced status of women and rigidity of caste structure.
IV.Post Independence-Reservation policies of 1990s
mandal commission reforms
27 % in central services and public undertakings
identified castes based on social educational and economic backwardness
more than 50% of indian belonged to BC and are poorly represented in administration
had a significant impact on polity and played a major role along with market and masjid to change trajectory of India during 1990s.
created political consciousness among BCs( anti-mandal agitations)
emergence of parties like SP and RJD
impact on dalit politics and emergence of BSP-social engineering politics
represenation in institutions and formation of elites and intellectuals
