Growth Of Nationalism

Question 1

Factors leading to growth of nationalism

Answer 1

1. Economic exploitation of India
2. Repressive colonial policies followed by British in India
3. Socio-religious reform movements
4. Role of the press

Question 2

Who were the four classes of Indian affected by economic exploitation by British in India (growth of nationalism)

Answer 2

1. The peasants
2. Artisans and craftsmen
3. Working class
4. Educated Indians

Question 3

How were peasants affected by Economic exploitation of British (GoN)

Answer 3

1. High land revenue and taxes
2. Dependency on landlords
3. Debt from moneylenders

Question 4

How were Artisans and crafts men affected by Economic exploitation of the British (GoN)

Answer 4

1. Destruction of handicrafts and industries
2. India reduced to a source of raw materials
3. Market dominance of British finished products
4. Loss of livelihood for artisans and craftsmen

Question 5

How was the working class affected by Economic exploitation (GoN)

Answer 5

• The growth of modern industries led to the emergence of a working class in India.
• Factory owners, mostly Englishmen, exploited the working class.
• Despite being a small segment, their broad outlook and interests spanned all of India.
• Economic exploitation made their political views significant beyond their numerical size.

Question 6

How were educated Indians affected by Economic exploitation GoN

Answer 6

• Educated Indians could only find employment in government service, which had limited promotion opportunities.
• They hoped British capitalism would boost India’s economy like it did in Britain.
• Instead, British policies kept India economically backward.

Question 7

Write a short note on British repressive colonial policies (GoN)

Answer 7

1. Lord Lytton spent large sums on a grand Delhi Darbar in 1877 while neglecting famine relief for Indians.
2. The Vernacular Press Act (1878) censored Indian language newspapers but not English ones, and the Indian Arms Act (1878) restricted Indian access to arms. Both laws were biased and oppressive.
3. The Indian Civil Services age limit was reduced to 19, making it harder for Indians to compete due to the exam being held in London.
4. Import duties on cotton textiles were removed, benefiting British industries and harming the emerging Indian textile sector.
5. The Ilbert Bill (1883) aimed to allow Indians to trial British persons, but British backlash led to its withdrawal, exposing racial biases in the legal system.

Question 8

What was the Vernacular Press Act of 1878? Who introduced it? Who repealed it and when?

Answer 8

The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 restricted Indian language newspapers from publishing material against the British government. It was introduced by Lord Lytton and was repealed by him in 1881.

Question 9

What was the Indian Arms Act of 1878? Who introduced it?

Answer 9

The Indian Arms Act of 1878 made it a criminal offense for Indians to carry arms without a license. It was introduced by Lord Lytton.

Question 10

What was the Ilbert Bill, who introduced it, and in what year?

Answer 10

The Ilbert Bill, introduced by Sir C.P. Ilbert in 1883, proposed that British or European persons be tried by Indian judges.

Question 11

What was the reaction of the British to the Ilbert Bill? How did Indians react to that? What was the ultimate decision of the government and what does it highlight to the Indians?

Answer 11

• British Reaction: Strong opposition; formed a defense association to protect their privileges.
• Indian Reaction: Counter-agitation by educated Indians.
• Government Decision: The bill was withdrawn.
• Highlight: Exposed the racial biases in the British legal system.

Question 12

Comparative study of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Jyotiba Phule

Answer 12

Question 13

What were the effects of the Socio-religious reform movements on GoN

Answer 13

Question 14

What role did the press play in GoN?

Answer 14

• Prominent Newspapers in the Late 19th Century:
  Amrit Bazaar
  Patrika
  The Bengali
  The Tribune
  The Pioneer
  The Times of India
  The Hindu
  The Statesman

-Roles of Newspapers in Developing National Sentiment:
- Spread messages of patriotism and modern ideas of liberty, freedom, equality, and independence.
- Criticized unjust British policies and exposed the nature of British rule.
- Facilitated exchange of views among diverse social groups and regions.
- Increased awareness of global political and social developments, influencing Indian policies and programs.

Question 15

What was the first political Association to be Started? When?

Answer 15

Landholders’ society in Kolkata in 1838.

Question 16

Comparative study between precursors of INC

Answer 16

Question 17

How was the INC formed?
State :
1. Background
2. Key figures
3. A.O Humes role
4. Initial Effort
5. Establishment Indian National Union
6. First meeting
7. Change of Name
8. Foundation
9. British Perspective
10. Impact

Answer 17

Here’s a concise summary of the formation of the Indian National Congress:

1. Background: Local political organizations prepared the ground for a national political body.
2. Key Figures: Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Ferozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, and Justice Ranade led the movement towards an all-India organization.
3. A.O. Hume’s Role: A retired British civil servant, Hume wanted to address administrative issues and sought to form an organization for this purpose.
4. Initial Effort: Hume wrote an open letter to Calcutta University graduates, urging them to form a union for organized action.
5. Indian National Union: Established in 1884 with Hume’s help; aimed to draw attention to administrative drawbacks.
6. First Meeting: Convened in Pune on December 25, 1885; due to plague, it was held in Mumbai from December 28 to 31, 1885.
7. Name Change: On Dadabhai Naoroji’s suggestion, the name was changed to Indian National Congress.
8. Foundation: The Indian National Congress was formally founded on December 28, 1885.
9. British Perspective: Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, supported its formation to act as a safety valve for discontent, safeguarding British interests.
10. Impact: The Congress became the voice of Indian aspirations and played a crucial role in the freedom movement, achieving independence in 1947.

Question 18

Aims of INC

Answer 18

To promote friendly relations between…

Question 19

Sessions of Congress: Important Events

Answer 19