1st and 2nd Phase of Nationalism Flashcards
Into how many provinces was Bengal divided and what were they?
- Bengal, with capital at Kolkata, comprising Western districts of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. 2. East Bengal and Assam, with capital at Dhaka, comprising Eastern districts of Bengal and Assam.
When was the Partition of Bengal announced and implemented?
Announced on 20th July 1905, implemented on 16th October 1905.
What was the official and real reason for the Partition of Bengal?
Official: Administrative necessity. Real: Bengal was the center of Indian nationalism, and the British aimed to divide Hindus and Muslims and weaken Bengali influence.
What was the nationalist view of the Partition of Bengal?
Nationalists believed it was a deliberate attempt to divide Bengalis based on religion and weaken nationalism. They suggested division on linguistic grounds instead.
When and where was the Surat Split formalized?
The Surat Split was formalized at the Allahabad Convention in April 1908.
Why did the Surat Split of 1907 occur?
Due to differences between Early Nationalists, who wanted to pursue constitutional agitation, and Assertive Nationalists, who wanted to push Swadeshi and Boycott as primary methods.
Who did the Early and Assertive Nationalists want as INC president during the Surat Split?
Early Nationalists wanted Rashbehari Ghosh as INC President, Assertive Nationalists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai.
How did the Surat Split benefit the British?
The split weakened the national movement and allowed the British to adopt a policy of concession and repression, favoring Early Nationalists and Muslims.
What was the aim of the Early Nationalists?
Autonomy within the British Empire.
What was the aim of the Assertive Nationalists?
Absolute independence.
What was the approach of the Early Nationalists?
They used constitutional methods, working within the law.
What was the approach of the Assertive Nationalists?
Assertive, rejecting British rule and denouncing it.
What was the belief of Early Nationalists about the British?
They had faith in the British sense of justice and fair play.
What was the belief of Assertive Nationalists about the British?
They rejected British rule and held it responsible for Indian poverty.
Who were the main supporters of Early Nationalists?
The intelligentsia.
Who were the main supporters of Assertive Nationalists?
The masses.
From whom did Early Nationalists draw their inspiration?
Western philosophers.
From whom did Assertive Nationalists draw their inspiration?
India’s past.
What were the objectives of Early Nationalists?
To educate Indians in modern politics and influence the British government in favor of Indians.
What were the objectives of Assertive Nationalists?
Immediate attainment of Swaraj (complete independence).
What methods did Early Nationalists use?
Meetings, speeches, resolutions, press criticism, petitions, and memorandums to educate Indians.
What methods did Assertive Nationalists use?
Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, Passive Resistance, Revivalism, Personal Sacrifice, and Mass Involvement.
What is Swadeshi?
Swadeshi means indigenous production and use of such goods.
What is Boycott?
Boycott means refusing to use British goods and services, picketing shops, avoiding government schools, etc.
What is National Education as per Assertive Nationalists?
A national education system free from government control, emphasizing vernacular languages and Indian values.
What is Passive Resistance?
Non-cooperation, boycotting government goods and services, advocating non-violent resistance, courage, and self-reliance.
What is Revivalism as practiced by Assertive Nationalists?
Reviving self-respect by referring to India’s past glory and presenting figures like Shivaji and Rana Pratap as national heroes.
How did Assertive Nationalists involve the masses?
They aroused the masses by their sacrifices and encouraged mass participation in the freedom struggle.
What methods did Early Nationalists use to influence the British government?
They sent petitions, prayers, and letters of protest to the British government and set up a British committee in London to present India’s case.
When was a British Committee of the INC set up in London?
The British Committee of the INC was set up in 1889.
What journal did the British Committee of the INC publish?
The committee published a weekly journal called ‘India’ to present India’s case to the British public.
Who were the key Early Nationalist personalities?
Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee.
Who were the key Assertive Nationalist personalities?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai.
When was Dadabhai Naoroji born and when did he die?
Born in 1825, died in 1917.
When was Gopal Krishna Gokhale born and when did he die?
Born in 1866, died in 1915.
When was Surendranath Banerjee born and when did he die?
Born in 1848, died in 1925.
When was Bal Gangadhar Tilak born and when did he die?
Born in 1856, died in 1920.
When was Bipin Chandra Pal born and when did he die?
Born in 1858, died in 1932.
When was Lala Lajpat Rai born and when did he die?
Born in 1865, died in 1928.
What was Dadabhai Naoroji’s nickname?
Grand Old Man of India.
What was Gopal Krishna Gokhale’s nickname?
Political Mentor of Gandhiji, Companion of Indian Empire.
What was Surendranath Banerjee’s nickname?
Father of Indian Nationalism, Forerunner of Gandhi.
What was Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s nickname?
Father of Assertive Nationalism.
What was Bipin Chandra Pal’s nickname?
Father of Revolutionary Thought in India.
What were Lala Lajpat Rai’s nicknames?
Punjab Kesari, Sher-e-Punjab.
What organizations did Dadabhai Naoroji found?
Bombay Association, London India Society (1865), East India Association (1866).
What organizations did Gopal Krishna Gokhale found?
Servants of India Society.
What organizations did Surendranath Banerjee found?
India Association (1876), Indian National Conference (1883).
What organizations did Bal Gangadhar Tilak found?
Poona New English School, Deccan Education Society (1884), Fergusson College Pune, Home Rule League (1916).
