1st and 2nd Phase of Nationalism Flashcards
Into how many provinces was Bengal divided and what were they?
- Bengal, with capital at Kolkata, comprising Western districts of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. 2. East Bengal and Assam, with capital at Dhaka, comprising Eastern districts of Bengal and Assam.
When was the Partition of Bengal announced and implemented?
Announced on 20th July 1905, implemented on 16th October 1905.
What was the official and real reason for the Partition of Bengal?
Official: Administrative necessity. Real: Bengal was the center of Indian nationalism, and the British aimed to divide Hindus and Muslims and weaken Bengali influence.
What was the nationalist view of the Partition of Bengal?
Nationalists believed it was a deliberate attempt to divide Bengalis based on religion and weaken nationalism. They suggested division on linguistic grounds instead.
When and where was the Surat Split formalized?
The Surat Split was formalized at the Allahabad Convention in April 1908.
Why did the Surat Split of 1907 occur?
Due to differences between Early Nationalists, who wanted to pursue constitutional agitation, and Assertive Nationalists, who wanted to push Swadeshi and Boycott as primary methods.
Who did the Early and Assertive Nationalists want as INC president during the Surat Split?
Early Nationalists wanted Rashbehari Ghosh as INC President, Assertive Nationalists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai.
How did the Surat Split benefit the British?
The split weakened the national movement and allowed the British to adopt a policy of concession and repression, favoring Early Nationalists and Muslims.
What was the aim of the Early Nationalists?
Autonomy within the British Empire.
What was the aim of the Assertive Nationalists?
Absolute independence.
What was the approach of the Early Nationalists?
They used constitutional methods, working within the law.
What was the approach of the Assertive Nationalists?
Assertive, rejecting British rule and denouncing it.
What was the belief of Early Nationalists about the British?
They had faith in the British sense of justice and fair play.
What was the belief of Assertive Nationalists about the British?
They rejected British rule and held it responsible for Indian poverty.
Who were the main supporters of Early Nationalists?
The intelligentsia.
Who were the main supporters of Assertive Nationalists?
The masses.
From whom did Early Nationalists draw their inspiration?
Western philosophers.
From whom did Assertive Nationalists draw their inspiration?
India’s past.
What were the objectives of Early Nationalists?
To educate Indians in modern politics and influence the British government in favor of Indians.
What were the objectives of Assertive Nationalists?
Immediate attainment of Swaraj (complete independence).
What methods did Early Nationalists use?
Meetings, speeches, resolutions, press criticism, petitions, and memorandums to educate Indians.
What methods did Assertive Nationalists use?
Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, Passive Resistance, Revivalism, Personal Sacrifice, and Mass Involvement.
What is Swadeshi?
Swadeshi means indigenous production and use of such goods.
What is Boycott?
Boycott means refusing to use British goods and services, picketing shops, avoiding government schools, etc.
What is National Education as per Assertive Nationalists?
A national education system free from government control, emphasizing vernacular languages and Indian values.
What is Passive Resistance?
Non-cooperation, boycotting government goods and services, advocating non-violent resistance, courage, and self-reliance.
What is Revivalism as practiced by Assertive Nationalists?
Reviving self-respect by referring to India’s past glory and presenting figures like Shivaji and Rana Pratap as national heroes.
How did Assertive Nationalists involve the masses?
They aroused the masses by their sacrifices and encouraged mass participation in the freedom struggle.
What methods did Early Nationalists use to influence the British government?
They sent petitions, prayers, and letters of protest to the British government and set up a British committee in London to present India’s case.
When was a British Committee of the INC set up in London?
The British Committee of the INC was set up in 1889.
What journal did the British Committee of the INC publish?
The committee published a weekly journal called ‘India’ to present India’s case to the British public.
Who were the key Early Nationalist personalities?
Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee.
Who were the key Assertive Nationalist personalities?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai.
When was Dadabhai Naoroji born and when did he die?
Born in 1825, died in 1917.
When was Gopal Krishna Gokhale born and when did he die?
Born in 1866, died in 1915.
When was Surendranath Banerjee born and when did he die?
Born in 1848, died in 1925.
When was Bal Gangadhar Tilak born and when did he die?
Born in 1856, died in 1920.
When was Bipin Chandra Pal born and when did he die?
Born in 1858, died in 1932.
When was Lala Lajpat Rai born and when did he die?
Born in 1865, died in 1928.
What was Dadabhai Naoroji’s nickname?
Grand Old Man of India.
What was Gopal Krishna Gokhale’s nickname?
Political Mentor of Gandhiji, Companion of Indian Empire.
What was Surendranath Banerjee’s nickname?
Father of Indian Nationalism, Forerunner of Gandhi.
What was Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s nickname?
Father of Assertive Nationalism.
What was Bipin Chandra Pal’s nickname?
Father of Revolutionary Thought in India.
What were Lala Lajpat Rai’s nicknames?
Punjab Kesari, Sher-e-Punjab.
What organizations did Dadabhai Naoroji found?
Bombay Association, London India Society (1865), East India Association (1866).
What organizations did Gopal Krishna Gokhale found?
Servants of India Society.
What organizations did Surendranath Banerjee found?
India Association (1876), Indian National Conference (1883).
What organizations did Bal Gangadhar Tilak found?
Poona New English School, Deccan Education Society (1884), Fergusson College Pune, Home Rule League (1916).
What organization did Lala Lajpat Rai found?
Servants of the People Society.
What was Dadabhai Naoroji’s role in British Parliament?
Member of British Parliament, passed resolution for holding I.C.S in England and India simultaneously.
What was Gopal Krishna Gokhale’s role in the Imperial Legislative Council?
His efforts led to a reduction in toll tax, salt duty reduction, abolition of excise duty for cotton, and attempted compulsory primary education.
What literary contributions did Dadabhai Naoroji make?
Editor of ‘Rast Goftar’, wrote ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’.
What book did Gopal Krishna Gokhale write?
No literary contributions.
What newspapers did Surendranath Banerjee edit?
Editor of ‘Bengalee’.
What books did Bal Gangadhar Tilak write?
‘Gita Rahasya’, ‘Arctic Home of the Vedas’.
What newspapers did Bal Gangadhar Tilak publish?
‘Mahratta’ (English), ‘Kesari’ (Marathi).
In which newspapers did Lala Lajpat Rai engage in journalism?
‘Bengal Public Opinion’, ‘The Tribune’, ‘New India’.
What magazines and weeklies did Lala Lajpat Rai start?
Monthly magazine ‘Young India’, English Weekly ‘People’, Urdu Daily ‘Vande Mataram’.
What were some of Lala Lajpat Rai’s publications?
‘Punjabi’, ‘The Call to Young India’, ‘England’s Debt to India’, ‘The Political Future of India’.
What was Dadabhai Naoroji’s role in the Indian National Congress (INC)?
Elected as president thrice, passed resolutions of self-government, Boycott, Swadeshi, and National Education.
What was Dadabhai Naoroji’s contribution to exposing India’s economic issues?
Gave ‘Drain Theory’, explaining how India’s wealth was being drained to England, leading agitation against several oppressive laws.
What were Surendranath Banerjee’s contributions to the nationalist movement?
Founded India Association, convened Indian National Conference, edited ‘Bengalee’, opposed Morley-Minto reforms and Bengal Partition.
What were Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s contributions to the nationalist movement?
Demanded Swaraj, organized akharas, started Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivaji festivals, promoted Swadeshi, and established the Home Rule League.
How did Bal Gangadhar Tilak use festivals for nationalism?
Started using Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivaji festivals to propagate nationalist ideas through songs and speeches.
What did Lala Lajpat Rai advocate for in terms of social reform?
Opposed caste system, advocated widow remarriage and women’s education.
How did Lala Lajpat Rai contribute to the Indian trade union movement?
1st President of All India Trade Union Congress, demanded 48 hours of work per week, increased wages.
How did Lala Lajpat Rai contribute to education?
Wrote a book on National Education, expanded D.A.V College in Lahore, opened orphanages, hospitals, and schools.
What was Lala Lajpat Rai’s role in the Simon Commission protests?
Led a procession against Simon Commission in 1928, died from injuries due to lathi charge.
What role did Bal Gangadhar Tilak play in the promotion of Swadeshi and Boycott?
Promoted Swadeshi and Boycott through his newspapers ‘Mahratta’ and ‘Kesari’, and as part of the Home Rule movement.
What movement was Lala Lajpat Rai associated with?
Arya Samaj Movement.
How did Gopal Krishna Gokhale influence fiscal policy?
Advocated for changes in fiscal policy and better jobs for the educated middle class, pressured the government to reduce land revenue.
What organization was Bal Gangadhar Tilak a member of?
Brahmo Samaj, Indian National Congress.
What organization was Gopal Krishna Gokhale a member of?
Congress (1905), Imperial Legislative Council (1902).
What organizations did Lala Lajpat Rai join?
Congress, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party, All India Trade Union Congress.
Who led the effort to pass the Morley-Minto reforms?
Gopal Krishna Gokhale played an important role in the passage of Morley-Minto reforms.
How did Dadabhai Naoroji contribute to education reforms?
Tried to introduce a bill for compulsory primary education, though it failed.
Who was the first to demand ‘Swaraj’ as a birthright?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
How did Surendranath Banerjee contribute to the opposition of British laws?
Opposed the Licence Act, Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act, and I.C.S age limit reduction.
Which Early Nationalist led efforts to stop the Partition of Bengal?
Surendranath Banerjee tried to prevent the partition by persuading British statesmen.
What was Dadabhai Naoroji’s contribution to the Drain Theory?
Explained how India’s wealth was being drained to England, which was the root cause of economic ills in India.
How did Lala Lajpat Rai contribute to uplifting the downtrodden?
Set up the Servants of People Society, opened schools, hospitals, and orphanages, advocated for the upliftment of the downtrodden.
How did Lala Lajpat Rai contribute to India’s freedom struggle abroad?
Went abroad to mobilize opinion in favor of India’s freedom struggle.
How did Gopal Krishna Gokhale train future leaders?
Set up the Servants of India Society to train national leaders dedicated to the service of India.
What did Lala Lajpat Rai demand for workers in India?
Demanded 48-hour work weeks and an increase in wages for workers.
When was Dadabhai Naoroji born?
1825.
When did Dadabhai Naoroji die?
1917.
What organizations did Dadabhai Naoroji found?
Bombay Association, London India Society (1865 with W.C Bonnerjee), East India Association (1866).
In which cities did Dadabhai Naoroji establish branches of the East India Association?
Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai.
Which governmental bodies was Dadabhai Naoroji elected to?
Mumbai Municipal Corporation, Town Council, British Parliament.
What newspaper did Dadabhai Naoroji edit?
Rast Goftar.
What magazine did Dadabhai Naoroji start?
Dharma Marg Darshak.
What important book did Dadabhai Naoroji write?
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
Why is Dadabhai Naoroji called India’s unofficial ambassador?
Because he founded the London India Society to air grievances of Indians.
What did Dadabhai Naoroji achieve as a member of the British Parliament?
He helped pass a resolution for holding the I.C.S. exams in England and India simultaneously.
What was the purpose of the East India Association founded by Dadabhai Naoroji?
To promote the appointment of educated Indians to high posts.
How many times was Dadabhai Naoroji elected as president of the Indian National Congress?
Three times.
Which key resolutions were passed under Dadabhai Naoroji’s presidency in the Congress?
Resolutions on self-government, Boycott, Swadeshi, and National Education.
What demand is Dadabhai Naoroji credited with making during his time in Congress?
The demand for Swaraj (self-rule).
What economic theory did Dadabhai Naoroji develop?
The Drain Theory.
What did Dadabhai Naoroji’s Drain Theory explain?
It explained how India’s wealth was being drained to England, which was the root cause of economic ills in India.
What conclusion did Dadabhai Naoroji reach regarding India’s economic issues?
That the root cause was British exploitation of India.
When was Gopal Krishna Gokhale born?
1866.
When did Gopal Krishna Gokhale die?
1915.
What was Gopal Krishna Gokhale’s nickname?
Companion of Indian Empire.
What was Gopal Krishna Gokhale known as in relation to Gandhiji?
Political Mentor of Gandhiji.
What organization did Gopal Krishna Gokhale found?
Servants of India Society.
In which year did Gopal Krishna Gokhale join the Indian National Congress?
1905.
In which year did Gopal Krishna Gokhale become a member of the Imperial Legislative Council?
1902.
What other important institutions was Gopal Krishna Gokhale a member of?
Indian Public Service Commission, Deccan Education Society (founded by Justice MG Ranade).
What major tax-related reforms did Gopal Krishna Gokhale advocate for as a member of the Imperial Legislative Council?
Reduction in toll tax, reduction in salt duty, and abolition of excise duty for cotton.
When did Gopal Krishna Gokhale join the Indian National Congress?
1905
In which year did Gopal Krishna Gokhale become a member of the Imperial Legislative Council?
1902
What other important institutions was Gopal Krishna Gokhale a member of?
Indian Public Service Commission, Deccan Education Society (founded by Justice MG Ranade)
What major tax-related reforms did Gopal Krishna Gokhale advocate for as a member of the Imperial Legislative Council?
Reduction in toll tax, reduction in salt duty, and abolition of excise duty for cotton
Which bill did Gopal Krishna Gokhale attempt to introduce in the Imperial Legislative Council?
A bill to make primary education compulsory in India (which failed)
What fiscal reforms did Gopal Krishna Gokhale demand?
Radical changes in fiscal policy and better jobs for the Educated Middle Class
How did Gopal Krishna Gokhale challenge the British government regarding land revenue?
He pressured the government to reduce land revenue
What did Gopal Krishna Gokhale criticize the British government for?
The huge expenditure on the British Army and the policy of racial discrimination
What role did Gopal Krishna Gokhale play in the Morley-Minto reforms?
He played an important role in the passage of the Morley-Minto reforms
What did Gopal Krishna Gokhale urge the Indian Public Service Commission to do?
He urged the Commission to increase the share of Indians in higher services
How did Gopal Krishna Gokhale attempt to prevent the partition of Bengal?
He tried to persuade British statesmen to prevent the partition of Bengal
Why did Gopal Krishna Gokhale establish the Servants of India Society?
To train national leaders who would dedicate themselves to the service of India
