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Paediatrics > Growth, Development and Health > Flashcards

Growth, Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

List the recognised phases of childhood

A
  • Neonate (<4wks)
  • Infant (<12m/1yr)
  • Toddler (1-2yrs)
  • Preschool (2-5yrs)
  • School age
  • Teenager/adolescent
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2
Q

List the main childhood objectives

A
  • To grow
  • To develop and achieve their potential
  • To attain optimal health
  • To develop independence
  • To be safe
  • To be cared for
  • To be involved
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3
Q

List the key developmental fields

A
  • Gross motor
  • Fine motor
  • Hearing and vision
  • Speech and language
  • Social and self help
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4
Q

List the key milestones and when they should roughly be reached

A
  • Smiling (4-6wks)
  • Sitting (6-7 months)
  • First words (1yr)
  • Walking (9-18 months)
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5
Q

Which factors influence development?

A
  • Genetics
  • Environment
  • Positive early childhood experience
  • Insults: antenatal, post natal, abuse and neglect
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6
Q

Name the adverse antenatal environmental factors that affect development

A
  • Infections (CMV, rubella etc.)

- Toxins (alcohol, smoking etc.)

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7
Q

Name the adverse post natal factors which affect development

A
  • Infection (meningitis etc.)
  • Toxins
  • Trauma (head injuries)
  • Malnutrition
  • Metabolic (hypoglycaemia and hyper/hyponatraemia)
  • Maltreatment/ understimulation/ domestic violence
  • Maternal mental health issues
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8
Q

How is development assessed?

A
  • Healthy Child Programme
  • Screening (may not be sensitive/specific)
  • Parental concerns
  • Red book
  • Observation of play and activity
  • Medical history and exam
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9
Q

What are the red flags for development?

A
  • Loss of developmental skills
  • Parental/professional concern
  • Hearing loss
  • Persistent low muscle tone/ floppiness
  • No speech by 18 months
  • Asymmetry of movements/increased muscle tone
  • Not walking by 18 months
  • OFC > 99.6th/<0.4th
  • Clinician uncertainty
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10
Q

Describe the Child Health Programme steps

A
  • New born exam and blood spot screening
  • New born hearing screening
  • Health visitor first visit
  • 6-8 week review
  • 27-30 month review
  • Orthoptist vision screening
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11
Q

What is performed at the 6-8 week review?

A
  • Identification
  • Feeding
  • Parental concerns
  • Development
  • Measurements
  • Examination (top to toe)
  • Sleeping position
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12
Q

What is performed at the 27-30 month review?

A
  • Identification
  • Development
  • Physical measurements
  • Diagnoses/other issues
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13
Q

What are the 3 key parameters for growth monitoring?

A
  • Weight
  • Length
  • Head circumference
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14
Q

Name the derived measurements for growth monitoring

A
  • Weight for age
  • Length for age
  • BMI
  • Weight for length
  • Rate of weight gain (infants only)
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15
Q

What is failure to thrive?

A

Child growing too slowly in form and usually in function at the expected rate for his or her age

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16
Q

List the maternal causes of failure to thrive in early life

A
  • Poor lactation
  • Incorrectly prepared feeds
  • Unusual milk or other feeds
  • Inadequate care
17
Q

List the infant causes of failure to thrive in early life

A
  • Prematurity
  • Small for dates
  • Oropalatal abnormalities e.g. cleft palate
  • Neuromuscular disease
  • Genetic disorders
18
Q

List the increased metabolic demands that can cause failure to thrive

A
  • Congenital lung disease
  • Heart, liver and renal disease
  • Infection
  • Anaemia
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • CF
  • Thyroid disease
  • Crohn’s/IBD
  • Malignancy
19
Q

List the excessive nutrient loss conditions which can cause excessive nutrient loss

A
  • Gastro-oesophageal reflux
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Malabsorption
20
Q

List the non medical causes of failure to thrive

A
  • Poverty/socio-economic status
  • Dysfunctional family interactions
  • Difficult parent-child interactions
  • Lack of preparation for parenting
  • Child neglect
  • Emotional deprivation
  • Poor feeding or feeding skills disorder
21
Q

How should a failure to thrive be investigated?

A
  • History
  • Examination
  • Trial of feeding in hospital

Paediatrics (17 decks)

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