GROWTH AND DISTURBANCES AND TUMOR PATHOLOGY Flashcards
this is a congenital absence of an organ or part
agenesis
this is defective development or production of a tissue or organ
aplasia
is sometimes used to mean that there is no tendency to form new tissue, as in failure to regenerate bone marrow in aplastic anemia
aplastic
means underdevelopment or incomplete growth of a tissue or organ, usually this is associated with decreased number of cells.
hypoplasia
failure of organ to reach normal size
hypoplasia
implies a presemce of rudimentary organ due to failure to grow
aplasia
means absence or closure of a normal body opening
atresia
if there is no external anal opening
atresia ani
Forms of developmental anomalies:
- agenesis
- aplasia
- hypoplasia
- atresia
Acquired defects/Anomalies:
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
this refers to an acquired local reduction in size of a cell, tissue, organ, or region of the body. May be physiological or pathological.
atrophy
is also termed as complete atrophy
involution
Pathological atrophy:
- nutritional atrophy
- vascular atrophy
- disuse atrophy
- pressure atrophy
- hormonal atrophy
- miscellaneous atrophy
during starvation or malnutrition
nutritional atrophy
in localized loss or deprived blood supply
vascular atrophy
due to lack or reduction of usual functional activity
disuse atrophy
a persisting pressure in an organ or tissue may contribute to ischemia of an area being pressed or pushed
pressure atrophy
loss of endocrine stimulation from trophic hormones
hormonal atrophy
as seen in some metabolic, neoplastic, genetic and infectious diseases.
miscellaneous atrophy
some classical examples of atrophy:
- Withered or shrunken limb
- involution of the normal corpus luteum
- pressure atrophy
- disuse atrophy
- serous atrophy of fat
a classic response of muscle to denervation
withered or shrunken limb
may be considered complete atrophy
involution of the normal corpus luteum
pressure results in a slow localized loss of cells though degeneration and necrosis, as when an expanding testicular tumor presses on surrounding seminiferous tubules, causing pressure atrophy
pressure atrophy
as a result of nutritional deficiency or starvation leads to marked reduction in muscle mass
emaciation
is an increase in tissue resulting from an increase in the size of individual cells
hypertrophy
surgical removal ofone kidney
compensatory
enlargement of muscles in response to excessive exercise for muscle building
functional
during repair process
replacement
exaggerated increase in cell numbers
neoplastic
the study of anomalies
teratology
these are improper mixture of tissues, usually with excess of a part, and grossly may resemble tumors
hamartomas
is a disease in which an animal is born with flexed, absolutely rigid limbs, but this is a primary problem not with bones or joints but rather with innervation of muscles because of dysraphism in the spinal cord
arthrogryposis
an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues, and persists in the same excessive matter even after stoppage of the stimulus that evoked the change.
Neoplasia “new growth” or tumor
the key features of neoplasia that distinguishes it from other forms of cell proliferation include the ff:
- Excessive tissue growth
- lack of responsiveness to normal control mechnisms
- lack of dependence on the continued presence of the stimulus
means tissue swelling or mass, but by common usage has come to mean neoplasm
tumor
is a common term used to mean malignant neoplasm
cancer
the study of neoplasia, and this word is the basis of oncogenesis and oncogenic, which relate to the induction of neoplasia
oncology
The main etiological factors or Carcinogens:
- irradiation
- chemical
- viral
are genes whose products are associated with neoplastic transformation
oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that affect growth and differentiation
proto-oncogenes
abnormal mass along the mandible which is a case of
lymphosarcoma
