GROWTH AND DISTURBANCES AND TUMOR PATHOLOGY

Question 1

this is a congenital absence of an organ or part

Answer 1

agenesis

Question 2

this is defective development or production of a tissue or organ

Answer 2

aplasia

Question 3

is sometimes used to mean that there is no tendency to form new tissue, as in failure to regenerate bone marrow in aplastic anemia

Answer 3

aplastic

Question 4

means underdevelopment or incomplete growth of a tissue or organ, usually this is associated with decreased number of cells.

Answer 4

hypoplasia

Question 5

failure of organ to reach normal size

Answer 5

hypoplasia

Question 6

implies a presemce of rudimentary organ due to failure to grow

Answer 6

aplasia

Question 7

means absence or closure of a normal body opening

Answer 7

atresia

Question 8

if there is no external anal opening

Answer 8

atresia ani

Question 9

Forms of developmental anomalies:

Answer 9

1. agenesis
2. aplasia
3. hypoplasia
4. atresia

Question 10

Acquired defects/Anomalies:

Answer 10

1. atrophy
2. hypertrophy

Question 11

this refers to an acquired local reduction in size of a cell, tissue, organ, or region of the body. May be physiological or pathological.

Answer 11

atrophy

Question 12

is also termed as complete atrophy

Answer 12

involution

Question 13

Pathological atrophy:

Answer 13

1. nutritional atrophy
2. vascular atrophy
3. disuse atrophy
4. pressure atrophy
5. hormonal atrophy
6. miscellaneous atrophy

Question 14

during starvation or malnutrition

Answer 14

nutritional atrophy

Question 15

in localized loss or deprived blood supply

Answer 15

vascular atrophy

Question 16

due to lack or reduction of usual functional activity

Answer 16

disuse atrophy

Question 17

a persisting pressure in an organ or tissue may contribute to ischemia of an area being pressed or pushed

Answer 17

pressure atrophy

Question 18

loss of endocrine stimulation from trophic hormones

Answer 18

hormonal atrophy

Question 19

as seen in some metabolic, neoplastic, genetic and infectious diseases.

Answer 19

miscellaneous atrophy

Question 20

some classical examples of atrophy:

Answer 20

1. Withered or shrunken limb
2. involution of the normal corpus luteum
3. pressure atrophy
4. disuse atrophy
5. serous atrophy of fat

Question 21

a classic response of muscle to denervation

Answer 21

withered or shrunken limb

Question 22

may be considered complete atrophy

Answer 22

involution of the normal corpus luteum

Question 23

pressure results in a slow localized loss of cells though degeneration and necrosis, as when an expanding testicular tumor presses on surrounding seminiferous tubules, causing pressure atrophy

Answer 23

pressure atrophy

Question 24

as a result of nutritional deficiency or starvation leads to marked reduction in muscle mass

Answer 24

emaciation

Question 25

is an increase in tissue resulting from an increase in the size of individual cells

Answer 25

hypertrophy

Question 26

surgical removal ofone kidney

Answer 26

compensatory

Question 27

enlargement of muscles in response to excessive exercise for muscle building

Answer 27

functional

Question 28

during repair process

Answer 28

replacement

Question 29

exaggerated increase in cell numbers

Answer 29

neoplastic

Question 30

the study of anomalies

Answer 30

teratology

Question 31

these are improper mixture of tissues, usually with excess of a part, and grossly may resemble tumors

Answer 31

hamartomas

Question 32

is a disease in which an animal is born with flexed, absolutely rigid limbs, but this is a primary problem not with bones or joints but rather with innervation of muscles because of dysraphism in the spinal cord

Answer 32

arthrogryposis

Question 33

an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues, and persists in the same excessive matter even after stoppage of the stimulus that evoked the change.

Answer 33

Neoplasia “new growth” or tumor

Question 34

the key features of neoplasia that distinguishes it from other forms of cell proliferation include the ff:

Answer 34

1. Excessive tissue growth
2. lack of responsiveness to normal control mechnisms
3. lack of dependence on the continued presence of the stimulus

Question 35

means tissue swelling or mass, but by common usage has come to mean neoplasm

Answer 35

tumor

Question 36

is a common term used to mean malignant neoplasm

Answer 36

cancer

Question 37

the study of neoplasia, and this word is the basis of oncogenesis and oncogenic, which relate to the induction of neoplasia

Answer 37

oncology

Question 38

The main etiological factors or Carcinogens:

Answer 38

1. irradiation
2. chemical
3. viral

Question 39

are genes whose products are associated with neoplastic transformation

Answer 39

oncogenes

Question 40

are normal cellular genes that affect growth and differentiation

Answer 40

proto-oncogenes

Question 41

abnormal mass along the mandible which is a case of

Answer 41

lymphosarcoma