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AU14 Orthodontics > Growth and Development Principles > Flashcards

Growth and Development Principles Flashcards

0
Q

This is a physiological phenomenon which involved an increase in organization, complexity or specialization, at the expense of a loss of potential

A

development

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1
Q

This is an anatomical phenomenon which involves an increase in size or number

A

growth

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2
Q

Where does the mandible grow outward from

A

from a fixed point; NOT the condyle, NOT the center

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3
Q

The mandible does not only grow, it also develops, how

A

it changes its position and shape via translation and remodeling; results in higher specialization for the functions of mastication and speech

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4
Q

Normal growth follows what

A

a pattern

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5
Q

The variability of growth seen between individuals is mainly a difference in what

A

timing

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6
Q

What are three measurements of growth

A

craniometry
anthropometry
cephalometric radiology

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7
Q

This is growth that occurs by a combination of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and secretion of the extracellular matrix, occurring at ALL points within the tissues

A

interstitial “inside the tissues”

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8
Q

If the ECM is not mineralized, what can happen to interstitial growth

A

it may continue in soft tissues and cartilages

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9
Q

What is an example of interstitial growth

A

Cranial base

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11
Q

This is growth that occurs by a combination of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and secretion of ECM, occurring only at the surface of bones

A

appositional

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12
Q

What does appositional growth occur through

A

the activity of cells in the periosteum; addition of new bone to the surface of existing bone

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13
Q

Where are there two examples of appositional growth

A

bony surfaces of the cranial vault

bony surfaces of the maxilla and mandible

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14
Q

When the ECM is mineralized, bone is formed, what happens to interstitial growth

A

it CANNOT occur within the bone

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15
Q

Cartilage can grow interstitially, can bone?

A

NO

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16
Q

Once cartilage is transformed into bone, it continues to grow only by what

A

apposition

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17
Q

This is bone growth within cartilage; cartilage transformed into bone

A

endochondral

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18
Q

Where are the ossification centers involving endochondral growth

A

within cartilage

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19
Q

What are examples of endochondral growth

A

chondrocranium; ethmoid, sphenoid, and basioccipital bones

epiphyseal plate cartilage of long bones

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20
Q

This the secretion of bone matrix within and between connective tissue membranes; no immediate formation of cartilage, but does NOT replace cartilage

A

intramembraneous

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21
Q

What are three examples of intramembraneous growth

A

cranial vault
maxilla
mandibule

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22
Q

The mandible forms by intramembraneous bone formation just lateral to what

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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23
Q

Where does condylar cartilage of the mandible arise from

A

an independent secondary cartilage that fuses with the mandibular ramus

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24
Q

This changes the shape of bone and is the result of bone removal (resorption) in one area and bone addition (apposition) in another

A

surface remodeling

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25
Q

Where does surface remodeling occur

A

at the surfaces of growing endochondral and intramembraneous bones

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26
Q

What are some examples of surface remodeling

A

bondy surfaces of the cranial vault, maxilla, and mandible

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27
Q

What three things does internal remodeling allow for

A

allow the bone to adapt to mechanical stress
allows for the exchange of Ca and phosphate
vascular channels within bones bring osteocytes to the area

28
Q

True or False

Internal remodeling helps bone to grow and change its shape

A

False; it does not make bone grow or change its shape

29
Q

What are the four sites of growth in the craniofacial complex

A

cranial vault
cranial base
nasomaxillary complex (maxilla)
mandible

30
Q

These are flat bones from by intramembraneous formation from ossification centers with no cartilaginous precursors

A

the cranial vault

31
Q

Periosteal activity of the cranial vault results in what

A

bone remodeling both and suture and at inner and outer surfaces

32
Q

The cranial vault grows primarily by what

A

apposition of new bone at sutures but also by remodeling of inner and outer surfaces of bones

33
Q

This is from by endochondral ossification; formed initially in cartilage then transformed to bone

A

the cranial base

34
Q

Where do ossification centers result in these three bones

A

ethmoid
sphenoid
basi-occipital bone

35
Q

These are cartilaginous joints between the bones of the cranial base; immovable joints

A

synchondroses

36
Q

Where are three synchondroses of the cranial base

A

spheno-ethmoidal
inter-sphenoidal
spheno-occipital

37
Q

What occurs at the synchondroses

A

endochondral growth; it lengthens the area of the cranial base

38
Q

This is formed entirely by intramembraneous ossification with no cartilaginous precursor by apposition and surface remodeling

A

nasomaxillary complex

39
Q

The maxilla is translated where

A

downward and forward, away from the cranial base

40
Q

Apposition occurs where on the maxilla

A

at circum-maxillary sutures, which elongates the maxilla

41
Q

Where does apposition and resorption of bone occur of the maxilla

A

bone in the anterior surface of the maxilla (floor of nose) is resorbed
apposition of bone occurs at the maxillary tuberosity, palate, and alveolar process

42
Q

The maxilla moves downward and forward but also widens where

A

transversely

43
Q

This is formed by endochondral growth at the cartilage that covers the mandibular condyle; all other areas grown by surface apposition and remodeling

A

mandible

44
Q

The mandible is translated in which directions

A

downward and forward

45
Q

Where are the principle sites of growth in the mandible

A

posterior surface of rams and the condylar and coronoid processes

46
Q

This part of the mandible grows longer

A

body (making room from the molars to erupt)

47
Q

This part of the mandible grows higher

A

ramus

48
Q

This is the location at which growth occurs

A

site of growth

49
Q

This is the location at which independent growth occurs

A

center of growth

50
Q

True or False

All centers of growth are also growth sites, but the reverse is not true

A

True

51
Q

Experimental evidence does not support this theory

A

suture theory

52
Q

What is the conclusion of the suture theory

A

sutures and periosteum are growth sites, merely a location of growth
they react, rather than acting independently

53
Q

True or False

All cartilages are growth centers

A

True

54
Q

Cartilage in the mandibular condyle controls growth of what

A

the mandible

55
Q

Cartilage in the nasal septum controls the growth of what

A

maxilla

56
Q

Cartilage in the synchondroses controls the growth of what

A

cranial base

57
Q

True or False

There is no evidence to support the cartilage theory

A

False; experimental evidence partly supports the cartilage theory
loss of nasal septum results in mid face deficiency

58
Q

This cartilage acts as a growth center

A

synchondroses and nasal septum

mandibular condyle does not

59
Q

This states that heredity and genes play NO role in the growth of craniofacial skeleton, growth of the face occurs in response to functional needs mediated by the soft tissues in which bones are embedded; all tissues that form bones are merely growth sites

A

functional matrix theory

60
Q

Mandibular ankylosis; restriction due to scarring prevents growth of mandible favors which theory

A

functional matrix theory

61
Q

The functional matrix theory only have partial veracity, why

A

it is not clear how functional needs are transmitted to the tissues around the mouth and nose and recent advances in genetics show that some genes are involved in the heredity mechanism

62
Q

Growth of the cranium is in response to the growth of what (sutures + periosteum = growth sites)

A

the brain

63
Q

Growth of cranial base is a result of what

A

endochondral growth at synchondroses (growth centers)

64
Q

Growth of the maxilla is primarily a result of what (sutures + periosteum = growth sites)

A

apposition and remodeling as the bone is translated by soft tissues

65
Q

Growth of the maxilla may result from what

A

endochondral growth at the nasal septum cartilage (growth center)

66
Q

Growth of the mandible occurs by what

A

endochondral growth at the condyle and surface remodeling as the bone is translated by soft tissues (condyle + periosteum = growth sites)

AU14 Orthodontics (11 decks)

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