Growth and Development Principles

Question 0

This is a physiological phenomenon which involved an increase in organization, complexity or specialization, at the expense of a loss of potential

Answer 0

development

Question 1

This is an anatomical phenomenon which involves an increase in size or number

Answer 1

growth

Question 2

Where does the mandible grow outward from

Answer 2

from a fixed point; NOT the condyle, NOT the center

Question 3

The mandible does not only grow, it also develops, how

Answer 3

it changes its position and shape via translation and remodeling; results in higher specialization for the functions of mastication and speech

Question 4

Normal growth follows what

Answer 4

a pattern

Question 5

The variability of growth seen between individuals is mainly a difference in what

Answer 5

timing

Question 6

What are three measurements of growth

Answer 6

craniometry
anthropometry
cephalometric radiology

Question 7

This is growth that occurs by a combination of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and secretion of the extracellular matrix, occurring at ALL points within the tissues

Answer 7

interstitial “inside the tissues”

Question 8

If the ECM is not mineralized, what can happen to interstitial growth

Answer 8

it may continue in soft tissues and cartilages

Question 9

What is an example of interstitial growth

Answer 9

Cranial base

Question 11

This is growth that occurs by a combination of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and secretion of ECM, occurring only at the surface of bones

Answer 11

appositional

Question 12

What does appositional growth occur through

Answer 12

the activity of cells in the periosteum; addition of new bone to the surface of existing bone

Question 13

Where are there two examples of appositional growth

Answer 13

bony surfaces of the cranial vault

bony surfaces of the maxilla and mandible

Question 14

When the ECM is mineralized, bone is formed, what happens to interstitial growth

Answer 14

it CANNOT occur within the bone

Question 15

Cartilage can grow interstitially, can bone?

Answer 15

NO

Question 16

Once cartilage is transformed into bone, it continues to grow only by what

Answer 16

apposition

Question 17

This is bone growth within cartilage; cartilage transformed into bone

Answer 17

endochondral

Question 18

Where are the ossification centers involving endochondral growth

Answer 18

within cartilage

Question 19

What are examples of endochondral growth

Answer 19

chondrocranium; ethmoid, sphenoid, and basioccipital bones

epiphyseal plate cartilage of long bones

Question 20

This the secretion of bone matrix within and between connective tissue membranes; no immediate formation of cartilage, but does NOT replace cartilage

Answer 20

intramembraneous

Question 21

What are three examples of intramembraneous growth

Answer 21

cranial vault
maxilla
mandibule

Question 22

The mandible forms by intramembraneous bone formation just lateral to what

Answer 22

Meckel’s cartilage

Question 23

Where does condylar cartilage of the mandible arise from

Answer 23

an independent secondary cartilage that fuses with the mandibular ramus

Question 24

This changes the shape of bone and is the result of bone removal (resorption) in one area and bone addition (apposition) in another

Answer 24

surface remodeling

Question 25

Where does surface remodeling occur

Answer 25

at the surfaces of growing endochondral and intramembraneous bones

Question 26

What are some examples of surface remodeling

Answer 26

bondy surfaces of the cranial vault, maxilla, and mandible

Question 27

What three things does internal remodeling allow for

Answer 27

allow the bone to adapt to mechanical stress allows for the exchange of Ca and phosphate vascular channels within bones bring osteocytes to the area

Question 28

True or False | Internal remodeling helps bone to grow and change its shape

Answer 28

False; it does not make bone grow or change its shape

Question 29

What are the four sites of growth in the craniofacial complex

Answer 29

cranial vault cranial base nasomaxillary complex (maxilla) mandible

Question 30

These are flat bones from by intramembraneous formation from ossification centers with no cartilaginous precursors

Answer 30

the cranial vault

Question 31

Periosteal activity of the cranial vault results in what

Answer 31

bone remodeling both and suture and at inner and outer surfaces

Question 32

The cranial vault grows primarily by what

Answer 32

apposition of new bone at sutures but also by remodeling of inner and outer surfaces of bones

Question 33

This is from by endochondral ossification; formed initially in cartilage then transformed to bone

Answer 33

the cranial base

Question 34

Where do ossification centers result in these three bones

Answer 34

ethmoid sphenoid basi-occipital bone

Question 35

These are cartilaginous joints between the bones of the cranial base; immovable joints

Answer 35

synchondroses

Question 36

Where are three synchondroses of the cranial base

Answer 36

spheno-ethmoidal inter-sphenoidal spheno-occipital

Question 37

What occurs at the synchondroses

Answer 37

endochondral growth; it lengthens the area of the cranial base

Question 38

This is formed entirely by intramembraneous ossification with no cartilaginous precursor by apposition and surface remodeling

Answer 38

nasomaxillary complex

Question 39

The maxilla is translated where

Answer 39

downward and forward, away from the cranial base

Question 40

Apposition occurs where on the maxilla

Answer 40

at circum-maxillary sutures, which elongates the maxilla

Question 41

Where does apposition and resorption of bone occur of the maxilla

Answer 41

bone in the anterior surface of the maxilla (floor of nose) is resorbed apposition of bone occurs at the maxillary tuberosity, palate, and alveolar process

Question 42

The maxilla moves downward and forward but also widens where

Answer 42

transversely

Question 43

This is formed by endochondral growth at the cartilage that covers the mandibular condyle; all other areas grown by surface apposition and remodeling

Answer 43

mandible

Question 44

The mandible is translated in which directions

Answer 44

downward and forward

Question 45

Where are the principle sites of growth in the mandible

Answer 45

posterior surface of rams and the condylar and coronoid processes

Question 46

This part of the mandible grows longer

Answer 46

body (making room from the molars to erupt)

Question 47

This part of the mandible grows higher

Answer 47

ramus

Question 48

This is the location at which growth occurs

Answer 48

site of growth

Question 49

This is the location at which independent growth occurs

Answer 49

center of growth

Question 50

True or False | All centers of growth are also growth sites, but the reverse is not true

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Experimental evidence does not support this theory

Answer 51

suture theory

Question 52

What is the conclusion of the suture theory

Answer 52

sutures and periosteum are growth sites, merely a location of growth they react, rather than acting independently

Question 53

True or False | All cartilages are growth centers

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Cartilage in the mandibular condyle controls growth of what

Answer 54

the mandible

Question 55

Cartilage in the nasal septum controls the growth of what

Answer 55

maxilla

Question 56

Cartilage in the synchondroses controls the growth of what

Answer 56

cranial base

Question 57

True or False | There is no evidence to support the cartilage theory

Answer 57

False; experimental evidence partly supports the cartilage theory loss of nasal septum results in mid face deficiency

Question 58

This cartilage acts as a growth center

Answer 58

synchondroses and nasal septum | mandibular condyle does not

Question 59

This states that heredity and genes play NO role in the growth of craniofacial skeleton, growth of the face occurs in response to functional needs mediated by the soft tissues in which bones are embedded; all tissues that form bones are merely growth sites

Answer 59

functional matrix theory

Question 60

Mandibular ankylosis; restriction due to scarring prevents growth of mandible favors which theory

Answer 60

functional matrix theory

Question 61

The functional matrix theory only have partial veracity, why

Answer 61

it is not clear how functional needs are transmitted to the tissues around the mouth and nose and recent advances in genetics show that some genes are involved in the heredity mechanism

Question 62

Growth of the cranium is in response to the growth of what (sutures + periosteum = growth sites)

Answer 62

the brain

Question 63

Growth of cranial base is a result of what

Answer 63

endochondral growth at synchondroses (growth centers)

Question 64

Growth of the maxilla is primarily a result of what (sutures + periosteum = growth sites)

Answer 64

apposition and remodeling as the bone is translated by soft tissues

Question 65

Growth of the maxilla may result from what

Answer 65

endochondral growth at the nasal septum cartilage (growth center)

Question 66

Growth of the mandible occurs by what

Answer 66

endochondral growth at the condyle and surface remodeling as the bone is translated by soft tissues (condyle + periosteum = growth sites)