Adolescent Growth and its Relation to Orthodontic Treatment

Question 1

What four changes take place in adolescence

Answer 1

secondary sex characteristics appear
adolescent growth spurt takes place
fertility is attained
significant physiologic and psychological changes take place (puberty)

Question 2

What three things do the sex hormones cause

Answer 2

genital growth
secondary sex characteristics
accelerated general body growth; facial growth

Question 3

Growth where is responsible for the increase in body size associated with the pubertal growth spurt stimulated by sex hormones

Answer 3

growth at the endochondral growth plates

Question 4

Which growth patterns does the mandible follow

Answer 4

genital and general growth patterns, reflecting levels of growth hormone

Question 5

What growth patterns does the maxilla follow

Answer 5

neural growth pattern

Question 6

How much earlier than males do females begin their growth spurt

Answer 6

1.5-2.0 years earlier

Question 7

This provides good correlation between an individuals position on the growth curve

Answer 7

Secondary sexual characteristics

Question 8

Growth height correlates with what

Answer 8

jaw growth; we can have a good correlation with this facial growth by looking at their general growth status

Question 9

What do we look for in males during their growth spurt

Answer 9

in the beginning, growth in general (its hard to determine)

in the end; pigmented facial hair and a mature voice

Question 10

What is the duration roughly of the male growth spurt

Answer 10

5 years

Question 11

What do we look for in females during their growth spurt

Answer 11

in the beginning; breast development

in the end; menarche

Question 12

What is the duration of the female growth spurt

Answer 12

3+ year duration

Question 13

This is one way to map the epiphyseal growth plates of the phalanges with the radius and ulna

Answer 13

Hand wrist radiographs

Question 14

This is more recently used to determine the maturation of the cervical vertebrae, can be compared to growth of the facial bones

Answer 14

cervical vertebral maturational stage (CVMS)

Question 15

What is the “gold standard” for determined growth status

Answer 15

superimposition of CVMS tracing; Can compare the growth status of a growing or non-growing patient (at least 9 month different between radiographs)

Question 16

What is the cephalo-caudal growth gradient

Answer 16

Structures nearest to the brain grow soonest and then slow down sooner

Question 17

Facial growth is what kind of growth

Answer 17

Differential growth

Question 18

As someone is growing, how is the jaw exhibiting differential growth

Answer 18

mandible grows more and longer
mandible becomes more prominent
profile becomes less convex

Question 19

What is the first dimension to stop growing

Answer 19

width

Question 20

What is the last dimension to stop growing

Answer 20

height

Question 21

What is the sequence of growth stoppage

Answer 21

Width stops before length which stops before height

Question 22

The alveolar arches widen where

Answer 22

in the area of molar eruption

Question 23

These two dimensions increase through puberty

Answer 23

length and height

Question 24

Why does height of the face grow longer than the length

Answer 24

due to vertical growth of the mandible

Question 25

What is "incisor liability"

Answer 25

the permanent incisors require about 2-3mm more space per quadrant than the primary incisors. Without this space, there will be incisor crowding

Question 26

What are the developmental spaces

Answer 26

spaces between incisors

Question 27

What are the primate spaces on the maxillary

Answer 27

mesial to the canine

Question 28

What are the primate spaces on the mandibular

Answer 28

distal to the canine

Question 29

If you have incisor spacing of this much, there is almost no danger of incisor crowding

Answer 29

6+ mm | need an incisor liability of 3mm/quadrant so 6mm/arch

Question 30

Incisors erupt labially, but how does the canine erupt

Answer 30

bucally

Question 31

Why isn't there as large an increase in the mandible as the incisors erupt

Answer 31

there is no mandibular mid-line suture after the first year of life

Question 32

Why is there a growth in width in the maxillae as the incisors erupt

Answer 32

probably due to the growth at the mid-palatal suture

Question 33

When is there significant width growth in both the maxilla and mandible (max > mand; boys > girls)

Answer 33

when the canines erupt

Question 34

Eruption of the lateral incisors forces the mandibular canines to do what

Answer 34

reposition distally into the primate space

Question 35

What is the "ugly duckling" stage

Answer 35

When there is a large central diastma, it should close with the eruption of the laterals/canines

Question 36

This is the difference mesially-distally between the primary canine/molars and the permanent canine/molars

Answer 36

leeway space

Question 37

How much leeway space is there on the mandible/maxilla

Answer 37

``` maxilla = 2.6mm mandible = 6.2mm ```

Question 38

What can moves into the leeway space, but shouldn't

Answer 38

the permanent molars, may force anterior crowding

Question 39

This is the difference in M-D width between primary 2nd molars and permanent 2nd premolars

Answer 39

E-space

Question 40

In regards to the leeway and E space, if there is anterior crowding, when should you send the kid to the orthodontist

Answer 40

before the primary 2nd molars exfoliate

Question 41

What is a mesial step (n primary dentition)

Answer 41

when the mandibular molar is "stepped" forward in relation to the maxillary molar

Question 42

What is the flush terminal plane in primary dentition

Answer 42

when the cusps align of the maxillary and mandibular molar

Question 43

What is a distal step in primary dentition

Answer 43

When the mandibular molar is aligned distally in relation to the maxillary molar

Question 44

What class is a mesial step most like to result in of the permanent dentition

Answer 44

class I

Question 45

What class is the flush terminal plane most like to result in of the permanent dentition

Answer 45

class II

Question 46

What class is a distal step most like to result in of the permanent dentition

Answer 46

class II

Question 47

Females achieve permanent dentition how much more before males

Answer 47

6-9 months | 10 yrs vs 12 yrs

Question 48

When the mandible grows (swings) forward, what happens to the lips, nose and chin

Answer 48

the lips become more retrusive and the nose/chin grow more than the mandible

Question 49

If a child fall into what percentiles then its alarming

Answer 49

lower than 3rd and higher than 97th | if they deviate from their original grown pattern a lot

Question 50

What are the three planes of malocclusion

Answer 50

A-P transverse vertical (plus inter-arch)

Question 51

In which plane are Angle's Classifications

Answer 51

A-P

Question 52

When should you take a radiograph on a patient with mixed dentition

Answer 52

when eruption sequence/timing looks more delayed than normal (+9 months)