Growth and Development Flashcards
What are the six age groups in paediatrics?
Neonate <4 weeks old Infant < 1 year old Toddler Around 1-2 years old Pre-school Around 2-5 years School age 5 years and up Adolescent 12-18 years (timing of onset varies and is earlier in girls)
What are the red flags in child development, that if not met require further referral?
No social smile by 2 months Not sitting unsupported by 9 months Not walking unsupported by 18 months No words by 2 years Loss of developmental skills Hearing or vision loss Persistent low muscle tone Increased muscle tone/asymmetric tone Or refer if 2 standard deviations from the mean
At what age should a child be able to support their own head?
At 9 months they should be able to hold their head when lifted and by one year old they should be able to move their head in all directions
At what age should a child be able to sit by themselves?
At 8 months to a year
At what age should a child start crawling and walking?
They should start to crawl at around six months
They should start to stand at around nine months then take their first step from then to a year
When should a child start to talk?
They should be making simple sounds at around six months, then saying simple words at one year. They will be using multiple words together at two years old
When should children first smile?
Two months old
What are the five key developmental skill areas?
Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Hearing and Vision Social and self help Language and speech
What are some adverse environmental factors for a child’s development?
Antenatal
-Infections (CMV, Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, VZV)
-Toxins (Alcohol, Smoking, Anti-epileptics)
Postnatal
-Infection (Meningitis, encephalitis)
-Toxins (solvents mercury, lead)
-Trauma (Head injuries)
-Malnutrition (iron, folate, vit D)
-Metabolic (Hypoglycaemia, hyper + hyponatraemia)
-Maltreatment/ under stimulation/ domestic violence
-Maternal mental health issues
How is a child’s development screened for and recorded in Scotland?
Child Health Programme (Scotland) based in primary care
Recorded in red book
What is the child’s health programme made up of?
New-born exam and blood spot screening New-born hearing screening (by Day 28) Health Visitor First Visit 6-8w Review (Max 12w) 27-30 month Review (Max 32m) Orthoptist vision screening (4-5y)
What are some medical causes of failure to thrive in early life?
Deficient Intake -Poor lactation -Incorrectly prepared feeds -Unusual milk or other feeds -Inadequate care -Prematurity -Small for dates -Oro palatal abnormalities (e.g. cleft palate) -Neuromuscular disease (e.g. cerebral palsy) -Genetic disorders Increased Metabolic demands -Congenital lung disease -Heart disease -Liver disease -Renal disease -Infection -Anemia -Inborn errors of metabolism -Cystic fibrosis -Thyroid disease -Crohn’s/ IBD -Malignancy Excessive nutrient loss -Gastro oesophageal reflux -Pyloric stenosis -Gastroenteritis (post-infectious phase) -Malabsorption
What are some non medical causes of a failure to thrive in early life?
Poverty/ socio-economic status
Dysfunctional family interactions (especially maternal depression or drug use)
Difficult parent-child interactions
Lack of parental support (eg, no friends, no extended family)
Lack of preparation for parenting/ education
Child neglect
Emotional deprivation
Poor feeding or feeding skills disorder
