Growth and development Flashcards
Stages of play - social characteristics infancy to school age
Infancy - solitary play
Toddler - parallel play
Pre-school - associative play
school-age - cooperative play
Denver developmental screening test
Birth to 6 years personal-social fine motor language gross motor
Erickson’s stages - Infancy
birth to 18 mos trust vs mistrust -
- positive - trusts self and others
- negative - withdrawn, isolated
Erickson’s stages - Toddler
18 mos to 3 yrs
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
-positive - exercises self control
-negative - defiant and negative
want to do things for themselves - working to master physical things (toilet training)
shame and doubt occurs if not able to control personal situations
-“no” - don’t always mean no; give two appropriate choices
-routine important
Erickson’s stages - preschool
3-6 years Initiative vs guilt positive - learns limits negative - fearful, pessimistic state of constant discovery learning place in family - give responsibilities persue initiative without trampling others discipline important
Erickson’s stages - school age
6 - 12 years Industry vs inferiority positive - sense of confidence negative - self doubt, inadequate achievement and accomplishment important
Erickson’s stages - adolescence
12 - 20 years
identity vs role diffusion
positive - coherent sense of self; plans for education/work future
negative - lack of personal or vocational identity
emotional and physical time - fitting in important
peers more important than family
lot of change involved.
assist ill patient fitting in with peers
Erickson’s stages - young adult
age 20-45
intimacy vs isolation
positive - intimate relationships
negative - avoidance of intimacy
Erickson’s stages - middle adulthood
45-65 years
generativity vs stagnation
positive - creative and productive
negative - self centered
Erickson’s stages - late adulthood
65+
integrity vs despair
positive - sees life as meaningful
negative - fear death; lack life meaning
Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 1-2 months
1 month - head sags; poor head control
2 months - closing of posterior fontanelle
-turns from side to back
-social smile
-eyes begin to follow moving object
first 6 months - gain 5-7 oz weekly for first 6 months
attachment with parent important - respond when cry; eye contract; holding
Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 3-4 months
3 months -brings objects to mouth -head erect, smiles at mother, laughs 4 months -thumb apposition, drools -absent tonic neck reflex (turn head)/ Moro reflex (extend arms when lying down) -pleasure in social contact
Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 5-6 months
5 months
-birth weight doubled
-takes objects presented to him/her
6 months
-weight gain 4 oz/week in second 6 months
-begins teething
-turns from back to stomach - increased mobility; possible safety issues
Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 7-8 months
7 months -sit for short periods -grasps toy with one hand -fear of strangers begins to appear -abrupt mood shift 8 months -anxiety with strangers -stages of separation anxiety:
stages of separation anxiety
- protest - cries, inconsolable
- despair - crying ends; disinterested - don’t want to eat/play (security object may help - blanket)
- denial - may ignore parents when come back
Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 9-10 months
9 months -elevates self to sitting position -says "dada"; "mama" -responds to parental anger 10 months -crawls well -pulls self to standing position -vocalizes one or two words
Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 11-12 months
11 months -erect standing posture with support 12 months -birth weight tripled -needs help while walking -sits from standing position -eats with fingers -may say words other than "mama", "dada" babinski reflex disappears may attempt to feed self
failure to thrive
inability to gain weight - inability to obtain or use calories
physical defects or inadequate parenting or unexplained
possible inadequate interaction with parents
Age appropriate toys: birth to 12 months
Birth - 2 months: mobiles
2-4 months: rattles, cradle gyms
4-6 months: brightly colored toys to grasp
6-9 months: large toys with bright colors, movable parts, noise makers
9-12 months: books with large pictures, push pull toys, teddy bears
Introduction of solid food
introduce slowly to identify potential allergies - 1 food at a time each 2 week period
-least allergic foods given first half of first year
more allergenic foods offered last half of first year
usual order:
-cereal (high iron, mixed with fluid - milk/water)
-vegetables, fruits (non citrus)
-potatoes
-meats
-eggs
-orange juice - no juice in bottle (cavities)
watch choking with finger foods
Toddler growth and development (15-18 mos)
15 months -walk alone -throws objects -holds spoon 18 months -anterior fontanelle closed -walks backwards, climbs stairs -thumbsucking -building block milestone (simple coordination) -temper tantrums into "terrible twos"
Toddler growth and development (24-30 months)
24 months -300 word vocab -obeys easy commands -jumping 30 months -walks on tiptoes -has sphincter control for toilet training birth-weight x 4
Preschool growth and development (3-4 yrs)
3 years -900 word vocab -undresses without help -may invent imaginary friend 4 years -1500 word vocab -brushes teeth -throws overhand, skips, hops on one foot
Preschool growth and development (5 yrs)
2100 work vocab runs well dresses without help, ties shoes beginning of cooperative play gender-specific behavior imitative play toys - housekeeping toys...
