Growth and development

Question 1

Stages of play - social characteristics infancy to school age

Answer 1

Infancy - solitary play
Toddler - parallel play
Pre-school - associative play
school-age - cooperative play

Question 2

Denver developmental screening test

Answer 2

Birth to 6 years
personal-social
fine motor
language
gross motor

Question 3

Erickson’s stages - Infancy

Answer 3

birth to 18 mos trust vs mistrust -

• positive - trusts self and others
• negative - withdrawn, isolated

Question 4

Erickson’s stages - Toddler

Answer 4

18 mos to 3 yrs
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
-positive - exercises self control
-negative - defiant and negative
want to do things for themselves - working to master physical things (toilet training)
shame and doubt occurs if not able to control personal situations
-“no” - don’t always mean no; give two appropriate choices
-routine important

Question 5

Erickson’s stages - preschool

Answer 5

3-6 years
Initiative vs guilt
positive - learns limits
negative - fearful, pessimistic
state of constant discovery
learning place in family - give responsibilities
persue initiative without trampling others
discipline important

Question 6

Erickson’s stages - school age

Answer 6

6 - 12 years
Industry vs inferiority
positive - sense of confidence
negative - self doubt, inadequate
achievement and accomplishment important

Question 7

Erickson’s stages - adolescence

Answer 7

12 - 20 years
identity vs role diffusion
positive - coherent sense of self; plans for education/work future
negative - lack of personal or vocational identity
emotional and physical time - fitting in important
peers more important than family
lot of change involved.
assist ill patient fitting in with peers

Question 8

Erickson’s stages - young adult

Answer 8

age 20-45
intimacy vs isolation
positive - intimate relationships
negative - avoidance of intimacy

Question 9

Erickson’s stages - middle adulthood

Answer 9

45-65 years
generativity vs stagnation
positive - creative and productive
negative - self centered

Question 10

Erickson’s stages - late adulthood

Answer 10

65+
integrity vs despair
positive - sees life as meaningful
negative - fear death; lack life meaning

Question 11

Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 1-2 months

Answer 11

1 month - head sags; poor head control
2 months - closing of posterior fontanelle
-turns from side to back
-social smile
-eyes begin to follow moving object
first 6 months - gain 5-7 oz weekly for first 6 months
attachment with parent important - respond when cry; eye contract; holding

Question 12

Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 3-4 months

Answer 12

3 months
-brings objects to mouth
-head erect, smiles at mother, laughs
4 months
-thumb apposition, drools
-absent tonic neck reflex (turn head)/ Moro reflex (extend arms when lying down)
-pleasure in social contact

Question 13

Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 5-6 months

Answer 13

5 months
-birth weight doubled
-takes objects presented to him/her
6 months
-weight gain 4 oz/week in second 6 months
-begins teething
-turns from back to stomach - increased mobility; possible safety issues

Question 14

Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 7-8 months

Answer 14

7 months
-sit for short periods
-grasps toy with one hand
-fear of strangers begins to appear
-abrupt mood shift
8 months
-anxiety with strangers
-stages of separation anxiety:

Question 15

stages of separation anxiety

Answer 15

1. protest - cries, inconsolable
2. despair - crying ends; disinterested - don’t want to eat/play (security object may help - blanket)
3. denial - may ignore parents when come back

Question 16

Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 9-10 months

Answer 16

9 months
-elevates self to sitting position
-says "dada"; "mama"
-responds to parental anger
10 months
-crawls well
-pulls self to standing position
-vocalizes one or two words

Question 17

Muscular coordination and control - developmental goals 11-12 months

Answer 17

11 months
-erect standing posture with support
12 months
-birth weight tripled
-needs help while walking
-sits from standing position
-eats with fingers
-may say words other than "mama", "dada"
babinski reflex disappears 
may attempt to feed self

Question 18

failure to thrive

Answer 18

inability to gain weight - inability to obtain or use calories
physical defects or inadequate parenting or unexplained
possible inadequate interaction with parents

Question 19

Age appropriate toys: birth to 12 months

Answer 19

Birth - 2 months: mobiles
2-4 months: rattles, cradle gyms
4-6 months: brightly colored toys to grasp
6-9 months: large toys with bright colors, movable parts, noise makers
9-12 months: books with large pictures, push pull toys, teddy bears

Question 20

Introduction of solid food

Answer 20

introduce slowly to identify potential allergies - 1 food at a time each 2 week period
-least allergic foods given first half of first year
more allergenic foods offered last half of first year
usual order:
-cereal (high iron, mixed with fluid - milk/water)
-vegetables, fruits (non citrus)
-potatoes
-meats
-eggs
-orange juice - no juice in bottle (cavities)

watch choking with finger foods

Question 21

Toddler growth and development (15-18 mos)

Answer 21

15 months
-walk alone
-throws objects
-holds spoon
18 months
-anterior fontanelle closed
-walks backwards, climbs stairs
-thumbsucking
-building block milestone (simple coordination)
-temper tantrums into "terrible twos"

Question 22

Toddler growth and development (24-30 months)

Answer 22

24 months
-300 word vocab
-obeys easy commands
-jumping
30 months
-walks on tiptoes
-has sphincter control for toilet training
birth-weight x 4

Question 23

Preschool growth and development (3-4 yrs)

Answer 23

3 years
-900 word vocab
-undresses without help
-may invent imaginary friend
4 years
-1500 word vocab
-brushes teeth
-throws overhand, skips, hops on one foot

Question 24

Preschool growth and development (5 yrs)

Answer 24

2100 work vocab
runs well
dresses without help, ties shoes
beginning of cooperative play
gender-specific behavior
imitative play toys - housekeeping toys...

Question 25

potential problems of preschool age

Answer 25

fear of injury, mutilation, punishment - scared of shots; use dolls as teaching aid
safety
help develop coping skills

Question 26

School age growth and development (6-7 years)

Answer 26

6 yrs
-self-centered, show off, rude
-sensitive to criticism
-begins loosing temporary teeth
7 years
-team games/sports
-develops concept of time
-prefers playing with same sex child

Question 27

School age growth and development (8-9 years)

Answer 27

8 yrs
-seeks out friends; more social
-writing replaces printing
9 yrs
-conflicts between adult authority and peer group
-conflicts between independence and dependence

Question 28

School age growth and development (10-12 yrs)

Answer 28

Remainder of teeth erupt
uses telephone
capable of helping, increasingly responsible
more selective when choosing friends
develops beginning of interest in opposite sex
loves conversation
raises pets

Question 29

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 29

Assess - thin upper lip; epicanthal folds, maxillary hypoplasia
-microcephaly and hearing disorders
irritability during infancy, hyperactivity during childhood
small for gestational age