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hort 321 > Growth and Development 1 > Flashcards

Growth and Development 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define development

A

the sum of all of the changes that plant goes through during its life-cycle

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2
Q

what is the sequence of events required by development (5)

A

1 Fertilized egg grows–> 2 differentiates into organs (leaves, stems)—>3 juvenile phase (vegetative)—> 4 mature/adult phase (bears flowers, fruits)—> 5 senesces / dies

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3
Q

development is the result of a _______

A

pre-determined program

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4
Q

define pre-determined program

A

genetically controlled

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5
Q 
Developmental changes (such as flowering, 
dormancy induction, cold-hardening etc.) result from the \_\_\_\_\_\_ at specific time / period during the life cycle.
A

expression of specific genes

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6
Q

define epigenetic changes

A

change does not occur in the basic genotype/gene make-up of plant

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7
Q

define growht

A

A quantitative term – related to change in size, mass, volume

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8
Q

Growth is an _______ increase in volume or size or the weight* (expanding leaves or fruits)

A

irreversible

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9
Q

what does plant growth occur due to

A

cell division and cell elongation

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10
Q

where does cell division take place?

A

meristems

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11
Q

what growth occurs in Apical meristem

A

increase in length/height

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12
Q

what growth occurs in lateral meristem

A

increase in girth (woody, dicot)

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13
Q

what are the meristems of grasses known as

A

intercallery

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14
Q

define differentiation

A

Change in the form and function of cells that are produced by cell division (specialization of structure and function)

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15
Q

define de-differentiation

A

mature cells from a leaf section can be stimulated to reacquire an ability to divide to produce mass of callus cells

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16
Q

define redifferentiation

A

callus cells then differentiate, i.e. produce shoots and roots in the presence of nutrients and appropriate balance of HORMONES
(auxins and cytokinins)

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17
Q

what does tissue culture medium contain?

A

carbohydrates, salts, vitamins, hormones (auxins and cytokinins), and AGAR, a gel-like support – sterile environment

18
Q

what is tissue culture in the horticulture industry used for

A

rapid multiplication of disease-free, clonal plants

19
Q

development =

A

growth + differentiation

20
Q

what are three ways growth can be measured

A

fresh weight, dry weight, and relative growth rate

21
Q

define fresh weight

A

Weight of a freshly harvested plant / plant part– increase in the FW with time gives a measure of growth

22
Q

why is fresh weight not always accurate

A

diurnal and seasonal fluctuations

23
Q

define dry weight

A

measure of the dry matter accumulated in

the plant tissue (everything but water)

24
Q

is dry or fresh weight used more often>

A

dry

25
Q

define relative growth rate

A

relative measure of growth rate

26
Q

define senescence

A

final stage of the development of cells, tissues, and organs, the consequence of an aging process

27
Q

describe senescence seasonally

A

leaf fall in deciduous shrubs/trees – N is mobilized from these senescing leaves & stored as storage proteins in the bark (Bark
Storage Proteins) that are used for new growth in the spring

28
Q

what is a form of programmed cell death

A

senescence

29
Q

what does PCD stand for

A

programmed cell death

30
Q

Plants constantly respond to their environment by sensing cues or SIGNALS such as ________ which all modulate various
developmental processes

A

light, temperature, gravity, soil moisture

31
Q

in order for a signal to be effective it must be _____ by the cell

A

perceived

32
Q

after a signal is perceived it must be _____ to some change in the cellular environment / chemistry

A

transduced (converted)

33
Q

after transduction

A

there is a response

34
Q

what involves second messangers

A

transduction

35
Q

what is a common second messanger

A

Ca 2+

36
Q

______ leaf of bean plant is a SIMPLE leaf while the ______ leaves are COMPOUND

A

Juvenile and adult

37
Q

Hormones Can affect physiological processes at exceedingly _____ concentration (ppm, micromolar)

A

low

38
Q

what are the 3 effects of pgrs and hormones depend on

A
  1. Dosage and Developmental stage 2. environmental conditions and the nutritional status of the plant 3. he responsiveness of the target cell / organ
39
Q

define pgr

A

synthetic compounds that mimic hormones

40
Q

define plant hormone

A

•Naturally occurring Organic substances

41
Q

what are the 5 major classes of plant hormones

A

Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid, Ethylene

hort 321 (10 decks)

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