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hort 321 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

0
Q

in biology ___ and _____ closely reflect function.

A

form and structure

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1
Q

what is plant physiology?

A

how plants function and work

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2
Q

What is the function of stems?

A

support and transport

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3
Q

what is the function of leaves?

A

photosynthesis

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4
Q

what is a cell?

A

structural unit of multicellular organisms

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5
Q

what is the order of organizational hierarchy in plants

A

cells, tissues, organs, and plant body

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6
Q

what are organelles?

A

sub-cellular structures

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7
Q

what is the dominant part of extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

cell wall

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8
Q

what does the cell wall provide to plant cells?

A

strength (support) and protection

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9
Q

what is a cell’s first line of defense?

A

cell wall

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10
Q

________ cell walls are synthesized in actively growing, young, and expanding cells

A

primary

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11
Q

_________ cell walls are deposited as the cells mature

A

secondary

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12
Q

are secondary cells walls expanding and growing?

A

no they are not only primary

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13
Q

what cell wall type is thicker and more rigid?

A

secondary

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14
Q

what cell wall type is a major component of wood?

A

secondary cell wall

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15
Q

what component is the secondary cell wall made of?

A

lignin

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16
Q

________ ________ is what is wood is composed of

A

secondary xylem

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17
Q

what is lignin

A

highly complex phenolic compound

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18
Q

what component is the primary cell wall made of (3)

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins

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19
Q

what component of the cell wall acts like glue to cross link cellulose and hemicellulose?

A

lignin

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20
Q

what is the most abundant organic compound in nature?

A

cellulose

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21
Q

what cell wall components give the cell its shape and are embedded in a sea of pectins?

A

cellulose and hemicellulose

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22
Q

refer to cellulose in engineer terms

A

it is a composite material like concrete

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23
Q

why have cellulose and lignin received a lot of attention in recent years?

A

biofuel

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24
Q

why is not much information known about lignin?

A

it is very very difficult to break down in order to study its composition

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25
Q

what is the cementing material that holds together adjoining cells

A

middle lamella

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26
Q

the middle lamella connects _____ cell wall to ______ cell wall

A

primary to primary

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27
Q

what are the components of the middle lamella?

A

pectins cross linking with Ca 2+

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28
Q

what is the organic compound that gives stiffness to jelly byproduct of fruit such as apples or guava

A

pectins

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29
Q

what nutrient is crucial for the cell wall and plasma membrane structural integrity?

A

Ca 2+

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30
Q

what fungal disease in potato is a result of the breakdown of the middle lamella?

A

potato soft rot (postharvest)

31
Q

how can soft rot of potatoes be mitigated?

A

providing Ca directly to the tuber through the tuber roots

32
Q

what is protoplasts

A

living part of the cell inside the cell wall

33
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

protoplasts excluding the cell vacuole and nucleus

34
Q

what cell part is the command center

A

nucleus

35
Q

what cell part contains most of the genes

A

nucleus

36
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

DNA organized along with protein

37
Q

what is nucleolus?

A

production of ribosomes

38
Q

what are involved in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

39
Q

what process do plants absorb water through?

A

osmosis

40
Q

when osmosis occurs _____ expands

A

vacuole

41
Q

what % of cell volume does the vacuole occupy?

A

90%

42
Q

what is a tonoplast?

A

membrane bound sacs

43
Q

is a vacuole a tonoplast?

A

yes

44
Q

when does a cell exert turgor pressure?

A

when the vacuole expands

45
Q

what happens during turgor pressure resulting in cell expansion

A

plant growth, seed germination, and flower/stomata opening

46
Q

what is turgor pressure?

A

pressure within a cell resulting from entry of water into the vacuole

47
Q

what is the strength of hydrostatic pressure?

A

~12 bars

48
Q

what serves as disposal sites for metabolic byproducts

A

the vacuole

49
Q

define anthocyanins

A

the pigments that give fruit and flowers their color

50
Q

where are anthocyanin pigments located

A

the vacuole

51
Q

what surrounds the cytoplasm

A

cell membrane

52
Q

what regulates the flow of nutrients and water

A

plasma membrane

53
Q

the plasma membrane is ______ permeable

A

differentially

54
Q

define differentially permeable

A

allows the passage of water and some solutes but blocks the passage of others

55
Q

what is meant by the fluid mosaic model?

A

in the plasma membrane lipid bi-layer and proteins it is a protein mosaic floating in a lipid bilayer

56
Q

What are colligative properties?

A

chemical properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles (ions) in the solution

57
Q

what influences colligative properties

A

osmolarity

58
Q

what are examples of colligative properties?

A

boiling point elevation, vapor pressure, and freezing point depression

59
Q

the ____ the osmolarity the lower the freezing point

A

higher

60
Q

the the _______ the osmolarity the higher the boiling point

A

higher

61
Q

1 osmolar freezing point is about ___ degrees C

A

-1.8

62
Q

cells of freeze hardy plants tend to accumulate ____ in their cells

A

solutes

63
Q

what lowers the freezing point of cell sap

A

solutes in the cell accumulated

64
Q

solutes accumulated in the cells prevents what?

A

intra cellular freezing

65
Q

is freezing inside the cell (intracellular) lethal always?

A

yes

66
Q

what reduces the amount of desiccation and extra-cellular ice?

A

accumulation of solutes in the plat cells

67
Q

what are 3 microscopic techniques for distinguishing between a dead and living cell?

A

plasmolysis/deplasmolysis, cytoplasmic streaming, and vital staining

68
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

the movement of cytoplasm

69
Q

if cytoplasmic streaming occurs are plant cells living or dead?

A

living

70
Q

what are the dots in a cell that move during cytoplasmic streaming?

A

protoplasts

71
Q

what does plasmodesmata do?

A

transport molecules between cells and facilitate cell to cell communication

72
Q

what occurs in vital staining

A

the protoplasts of only living cells are colored by certain stains

73
Q

if cells maintain their differentiating permeable properties are they living or dead

A

living

74
Q

osmolarity is influenced by the number of _____

A

particles

75
Q

osmolarity is

A

the basis of how water moves in plant cells

76
Q

water moves from _____ osmolarity to ______ osmolarity

A

lowest to highest

hort 321 (10 decks)

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