Cells

Question 0

in biology ___ and _____ closely reflect function.

Answer 0

form and structure

Question 1

what is plant physiology?

Answer 1

how plants function and work

Question 2

What is the function of stems?

Answer 2

support and transport

Question 3

what is the function of leaves?

Answer 3

photosynthesis

Question 4

what is a cell?

Answer 4

structural unit of multicellular organisms

Question 5

what is the order of organizational hierarchy in plants

Answer 5

cells, tissues, organs, and plant body

Question 6

what are organelles?

Answer 6

sub-cellular structures

Question 7

what is the dominant part of extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 7

cell wall

Question 8

what does the cell wall provide to plant cells?

Answer 8

strength (support) and protection

Question 9

what is a cell’s first line of defense?

Answer 9

cell wall

Question 10

________ cell walls are synthesized in actively growing, young, and expanding cells

Answer 10

primary

Question 11

_________ cell walls are deposited as the cells mature

Answer 11

secondary

Question 12

are secondary cells walls expanding and growing?

Answer 12

no they are not only primary

Question 13

what cell wall type is thicker and more rigid?

Answer 13

secondary

Question 14

what cell wall type is a major component of wood?

Answer 14

secondary cell wall

Question 15

what component is the secondary cell wall made of?

Answer 15

lignin

Question 16

________ ________ is what is wood is composed of

Answer 16

secondary xylem

Question 17

what is lignin

Answer 17

highly complex phenolic compound

Question 18

what component is the primary cell wall made of (3)

Answer 18

cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins

Question 19

what component of the cell wall acts like glue to cross link cellulose and hemicellulose?

Answer 19

lignin

Question 20

what is the most abundant organic compound in nature?

Answer 20

cellulose

Question 21

what cell wall components give the cell its shape and are embedded in a sea of pectins?

Answer 21

cellulose and hemicellulose

Question 22

refer to cellulose in engineer terms

Answer 22

it is a composite material like concrete

Question 23

why have cellulose and lignin received a lot of attention in recent years?

Answer 23

biofuel

Question 24

why is not much information known about lignin?

Answer 24

it is very very difficult to break down in order to study its composition

Question 25

what is the cementing material that holds together adjoining cells

Answer 25

middle lamella

Question 26

the middle lamella connects _____ cell wall to ______ cell wall

Answer 26

primary to primary

Question 27

what are the components of the middle lamella?

Answer 27

pectins cross linking with Ca 2+

Question 28

what is the organic compound that gives stiffness to jelly byproduct of fruit such as apples or guava

Answer 28

pectins

Question 29

what nutrient is crucial for the cell wall and plasma membrane structural integrity?

Answer 29

Ca 2+

Question 30

what fungal disease in potato is a result of the breakdown of the middle lamella?

Answer 30

potato soft rot (postharvest)

Question 31

how can soft rot of potatoes be mitigated?

Answer 31

providing Ca directly to the tuber through the tuber roots

Question 32

what is protoplasts

Answer 32

living part of the cell inside the cell wall

Question 33

what is the cytoplasm?

Answer 33

protoplasts excluding the cell vacuole and nucleus

Question 34

what cell part is the command center

Answer 34

nucleus

Question 35

what cell part contains most of the genes

Answer 35

nucleus

Question 36

what are chromosomes?

Answer 36

DNA organized along with protein

Question 37

what is nucleolus?

Answer 37

production of ribosomes

Question 38

what are involved in protein synthesis

Answer 38

ribosomes

Question 39

what process do plants absorb water through?

Answer 39

osmosis

Question 40

when osmosis occurs _____ expands

Answer 40

vacuole

Question 41

what % of cell volume does the vacuole occupy?

Answer 41

90%

Question 42

what is a tonoplast?

Answer 42

membrane bound sacs

Question 43

is a vacuole a tonoplast?

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

when does a cell exert turgor pressure?

Answer 44

when the vacuole expands

Question 45

what happens during turgor pressure resulting in cell expansion

Answer 45

plant growth, seed germination, and flower/stomata opening

Question 46

what is turgor pressure?

Answer 46

pressure within a cell resulting from entry of water into the vacuole

Question 47

what is the strength of hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 47

~12 bars

Question 48

what serves as disposal sites for metabolic byproducts

Answer 48

the vacuole

Question 49

define anthocyanins

Answer 49

the pigments that give fruit and flowers their color

Question 50

where are anthocyanin pigments located

Answer 50

the vacuole

Question 51

what surrounds the cytoplasm

Answer 51

cell membrane

Question 52

what regulates the flow of nutrients and water

Answer 52

plasma membrane

Question 53

the plasma membrane is ______ permeable

Answer 53

differentially

Question 54

define differentially permeable

Answer 54

allows the passage of water and some solutes but blocks the passage of others

Question 55

what is meant by the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 55

in the plasma membrane lipid bi-layer and proteins it is a protein mosaic floating in a lipid bilayer

Question 56

What are colligative properties?

Answer 56

chemical properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles (ions) in the solution

Question 57

what influences colligative properties

Answer 57

osmolarity

Question 58

what are examples of colligative properties?

Answer 58

boiling point elevation, vapor pressure, and freezing point depression

Question 59

the ____ the osmolarity the lower the freezing point

Answer 59

higher

Question 60

the the _______ the osmolarity the higher the boiling point

Answer 60

higher

Question 61

1 osmolar freezing point is about ___ degrees C

Answer 61

-1.8

Question 62

cells of freeze hardy plants tend to accumulate ____ in their cells

Answer 62

solutes

Question 63

what lowers the freezing point of cell sap

Answer 63

solutes in the cell accumulated

Question 64

solutes accumulated in the cells prevents what?

Answer 64

intra cellular freezing

Question 65

is freezing inside the cell (intracellular) lethal always?

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

what reduces the amount of desiccation and extra-cellular ice?

Answer 66

accumulation of solutes in the plat cells

Question 67

what are 3 microscopic techniques for distinguishing between a dead and living cell?

Answer 67

plasmolysis/deplasmolysis, cytoplasmic streaming, and vital staining

Question 68

what is cytoplasmic streaming?

Answer 68

the movement of cytoplasm

Question 69

if cytoplasmic streaming occurs are plant cells living or dead?

Answer 69

living

Question 70

what are the dots in a cell that move during cytoplasmic streaming?

Answer 70

protoplasts

Question 71

what does plasmodesmata do?

Answer 71

transport molecules between cells and facilitate cell to cell communication

Question 72

what occurs in vital staining

Answer 72

the protoplasts of only living cells are colored by certain stains

Question 73

if cells maintain their differentiating permeable properties are they living or dead

Answer 73

living

Question 74

osmolarity is influenced by the number of _____

Answer 74

particles

Question 75

osmolarity is

Answer 75

the basis of how water moves in plant cells

Question 76

water moves from _____ osmolarity to ______ osmolarity

Answer 76

lowest to highest