Growth and Development 1 Flashcards
Define Growth
increase in mass and dimension of the body. includes : weight, length or height(with stand) and head circumference.
Define Development
maturation of functions and gaining of various skills. It includes aspects as motor development, mental development and sexual development.
what is the relation between them?
Go parallel to each other
what are the growth stages?
1.prenatal(intrauterine)
2.postnatal (extrauterine)
what is prenatal
1.Embryonic stage: The first 8 weeks
2.Fetal stage: 9th to 40th
Early:9-24 weeks
late:25-40 weeks
factors affecting it? prenatal stage
1.Maternal health
2.placental health
3.fetal insulin
Rate of growth fetal
Maximum rate of growth(accounting for 30% of adult height
postnatal stages
1.neonates:first 4 weeks of life 28 Days.
2.Infancy: 1 month to 2 years.
3.Childhood: Early (preschool):2-6
Late school :6-12
4.Adolescence:12-20 early, mid and late.
factors affecting infancy and childhood?
Nutrition, good health, thyroid, happiness (infant) + genes, growth hormone, thyroid =childhood
factors affecting adolescence
Testosterone Estrogen growth hormones
factors affecting physical growth
1.Race: There is race difference in rate and pattern of growth
2.Family: Height and body frame are inherited from parents. start to appear after infancy.
3.Sex : Girls: grow faster 7th - 4 years , start puberty at a younger age.
4.chromosomal disorders: as down usually show retarded growth.
5.socioecnomic : poor housing, hygiene , health.
cont…
6.Nutritional: - delay , + obesity
7.chronic illness: ….
8.Developmental anomalies:
9.Chronic infection: TB
10.Endocrinal factors:
growth hormone —
proportionate short, normal mentality , characteristic features
growth hormone —
proportionate short, normal mentality , characteristic features
thyroid———–
disproportionate short, mental retardation , coarse face in infants and children with congenital hypothyrodism.
proportionate short in children with acquired hypoth
+++Androgens
Tall in children
proportionate short in adult
+++steroids
short, characteristic obesity cushing
Aspects of normal growth and development
1.physical:anthropometric:weighy, length,…
fontanelles, bone age or osseous growth
2.motor development:gross and fine
3.mental
4.sexual.
normal weight at birth
2.5k-4kg
weight gain in 1st to 4 month
3/4 kg/month ….4th month 6 kg
4-8 month
1/2/mon…….8th 8kg
8-12
1/4…..12th 9kg
2nd year weight
3 kg…..at 2 years 12 kg
3-6 years
2kg/year….at 6 years 20kg
6-10 y weight
2.5kg/y…… at 10 y…30kg
weight calculation equation between 1-6 y
= age*2+8
birth weight is DOUBlED at 4 months and tripled at 12 month.
length and height
under 3 years length in supine
at 3 height is in standing
at birth length
50cm
6 months length
68cm
1 year length
75cm
2 year length
87cm
3 years length
94cm
4 year
100cm(double birth length)
between 4-9 years
the height increases about 7 cm/year
at 9 years
135 cm
between 9-12 years the height increases about 5 cm/year
the height increases about 5 cm/year
at 12 years
150 cm
at 12 years
150 cm
Height is DOUBled at 4 years and TRIples at 12 year
upper segment
from the crown to the upper border of symphsis pubis
(sitting height
lower segment
from symphsis pubis to the heel
Body proportions
at birth: 1.7/1
3 years: 1.3/1
7 years: 1.0/1 (equal upper and lower segment
Body proportions value
differentiate proportionate from disproportionate short stature
Head circumference at birth
35 cm
6 months head circmference
43 cm
1 year head circumference
47 cm
so 12 cm during the first year
2 year head circumference
49cm
4 y head circumference
50cm
6 y head circumference
51cm
6 y head circumference
51cm
12 y head circumference
53 cm
6 cm only during 11 years
Anterior fontanelle
3 fingers:5cm : at birth
2 fingers : 6 months
1 finger 1 year
1.5 closed
posterior: closed at birth
deciduous teeth
lower before upper by 1 month
6, 8, 12, 18, 24 months
central incisors, lateral, 1st molar, canines, 2nd molar
osseous growth
at birth ( X ray of the knee joint: the center around the knee is well developed
delayed indicates delayed bone age as hypo thyroidism
early child hood (X ray of the left hand and wrist
1st carpal bone is ossified at the age of 6 month
then one center per year: 1 year : 2 ossific centers
2 years: 3 centers and so on
late childhood epiphysis
fusion of epiphysis of distal ends of ulna and radius
late childhood (bone identification
fusion of epiphysis of distal ends of ulna and radius
its value (x ray of bones for osseous growth
1.normal bone age corresponds to the age of the child
2.markedly delayed bone age: —- endocrinal deficiencies
3.advanced bone age:++++ excess hormones
4.normal bone age with short stature : familial short stature_skeletal dysplasia
define growth charts
it is a graphic assessment….of the physical growth of a child.
Very Important Background about growth charts
There is a wide range of variations among normal children of the same age.
Each child has his own inherited pattern of growth.
growth curves are essential to
- Demonstrate the normal growth variations
2.Summarize the growth data so earlier diagnosis of abnormal growth.
growth curves are essential to
- Demonstrate the normal growth variations
2.Summarize the growth data so earlier diagnosis of abnormal growth.
Types of curves
1.percentile (used for follow up during the visits
2.Standard deviation
3. Velocity.
Types of curves
1.percentile (used for follow up during the visits….The most commonly used
2.Standard deviation
3. Velocity.
criteria of curves
1.made of different aspects of physical growth: height weight skull circumference
2. vary from : boys to girls , country to another, age
3.percentile 7
criteria of curves
1.made of different aspects of physical growth: height weight skull circumference
2. vary from : boys to girls , country to another, age
3.percentile 7
7 percentile
97th: the highest limit of the normal
50th: the median ..mean
3rd: the lowest limit of the normal
25th, 10th,75th,90th
measures and value of the curvers
3-97 : normal…less or more is abnormal
assess the growth rate
