Growth Adaptations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 permanent tissues in the body which therefore can only undergo hypertrophy (and not hyperplasia)?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Nerve
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2
Q

What is an example of tissue hyperplasia which can progress to dysplasia and cancer?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

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3
Q

What is an exception to the rule of hyperplasia leading to dysplasia and therefore cancer?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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4
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  • Decrease in stress leading to a decrease in organ size

- Occurs via a decrease in the size and number of cells

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5
Q

What are the 3 mechanism whereby atrophy occurs?

A
  • Apoptosis - decrease in cell number

Decrease in cell size:

  • Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton
  • Autophagy of cellular components
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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change in stress on organ leads to change in cell type

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7
Q

What does metaplasia occur via?

A

Reprogramming of stem cells

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8
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Removal of the driving stressor

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9
Q

Metaplasia exception to the rule that it leads to dysplasia?

A

Apocrine metaplasia

- Does not incr risk for cancer

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10
Q

What vitamin deficiency can lead to metaplasia?

A

Vit A

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11
Q

What is Keratomalacia?

A

Metaplasia of conjunctiva - thickening

- Due to vit A deficiency

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12
Q

What is vit A responsible for?

A

Proper maturation of cells in the immune system

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13
Q

15 17 translocation leads to what disease?

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

- Cells accumulate in blast state

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14
Q

What receptor is affected in 15 17 translocation?

A

Vit A (retinoic acid) receptor

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15
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

Bone within skeletal muscle

  • metaplasia
  • Often after trauma
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16
Q

What is an example of dysplasia?

A

CIN

- Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia

17
Q

What is dysplasia?

A
  • Disordered cell growth
  • Refers to proliferation of precancerous cells (eg CIN)
  • Arises from longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia
18
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

Yes

- With alleviation of inciting stress

19
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Failure of ncell production during embryogenesis

unilateral renal agenesis

20
Q

What is hypoplasia

A

Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis

- Results in a relatively small organ (eg streak ovaries in Turner syndrome)