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USMLE Pathology > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What cancer do aflatoxins cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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2
Q

What cancer do alkylating agents predispose to?

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

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3
Q

What cancers can be caused by arsenic?

- Found in cigarette smoke and can be used on skin

A
  • sq cell carcinoma of skin
  • Lung cancer
  • Angiosarcoma of liver
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4
Q

Where can arsenic be found on the body? - to test for

A

Fingernails and hair

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5
Q

Cigarette smoke can incr the risk of what cancers?

A
  • Oropharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Lung
  • Kidney
  • Bladder
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6
Q

What component of cigarette smoke is particularly carcinogenic?

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

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7
Q

What do nitrosamines (found in smoked foods) likely to cause?

A

Stomach cancer

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8
Q

What cancer can naphthylamine predispose to?

- Found in cigarette smoke

A

Urethelial carcinoma of the bladder

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9
Q

What cancer does Vinyl chloride predispose to?

- Found in PVC, used to make pipes

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

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10
Q

Nickel, chronium, berryllium and silica increase the risk of what cancer?

A

Lung carcinoma

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11
Q

What cancers does EBV infection predispose to?

A
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  • Burkitt lymphoma
  • CNS lymphoma in AIDS
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12
Q

What cancers does HHV-8 infection predispose to?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

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13
Q

What cancers does HBV and HCV predispose to?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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14
Q

HTLV-1 infection predisposes to what cancer?

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

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15
Q

What cancers are caused by HPV (16, 18, 31, 33)

A

Sq cell carcinoma of the:

  • Vulva
  • Vagina
  • Anus
  • Cervix
  • Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
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16
Q

What groups have a larger risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A
  • Male chinese

- African

17
Q

What will nasopharyngeal carcinoma usually present with?

A

Neck mass

18
Q

What is kaposi sarcoma a cancer of?

A

Endothelial cells

19
Q

What group have an increased risk of Kaposi sarcoma?

A
  • AIDS patients
  • Older eastern european males
  • Transplant patients
20
Q

What is the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma?

A
  • Excise
  • HIV treatment if infected
  • Decrease dose of immunosuppressent if transplant patient
21
Q

Ionising radiation increases the risk of what type of cancers?

A
  • AML
  • CML
  • Papillary carcinoma (thryroid)
22
Q

How does ionising radiation (nuclear incidents, radiotherapy) increase the risk of cancer?
(MOA)

A

Through the generation of Hydroxyl free radicals

23
Q

Nonionising (e.g. UVB sunlight) radiation increases the risk of what type of cancers?

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Sq cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma of skin
24
Q

How does Nonionising (e.g. UVB sunlight) radiation increase cancer risk?
(MOA)

A

Results in formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, these are normally excised by restriction endonuclease

USMLE Pathology (15 decks)

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