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USMLE Pathology > Free Radical Injury > Flashcards

Free Radical Injury Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does partial reduction (gain of an electron) of O2 yield?
(Gaining 1, 2, 3 and 4 electrons)

A
  • O2-. (1 electron)
  • H2O2 (2 electrons)
  • OH (3 electrons)
  • H2O (4 electrons)
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2
Q

How can free radicals be generated pathalogically?

A
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Inflammation
  • Metals (e.g coooer and iron)
  • Drugs and chemicals (e.g acetaminophen)
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3
Q

What is the most damaging free radical?

A

OH-

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4
Q

What converts O2 to O2-. (superoxide)

A

NADPH oxidase

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5
Q

What converts superoxide (O2-.) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

A

Superoxide dismutase

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6
Q

What converts hydrogen peroxide to bleach (HOCl)

A

Myeloperoxidase

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7
Q

What free radical can be generated by iron?

A

OH-

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8
Q

What does free radical damage due to acetominophen cause?

A

Liver necrosis

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9
Q

What will free radicals do to lipids?

A

Peroxidation of lipids

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10
Q

What will free radicals do to DNA and proteins?

A

Oxidation of DNA and proteins

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11
Q

What substances can eliminate free radicals?

A
  • Antioxidants (vit A, C, E)
  • Enzymes
  • Metal carrier proteins (transferrin)
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12
Q

What enzymes eleminate free radicals?

A
  • Super oxide dismutase (o2-. -> H2O2)
  • Catalse (H2O2 -> OH)
  • Glutathione peroxidase (OH -> H2O)
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13
Q

What converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to OH?

A

Catalase

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14
Q

What converts OH to H2O?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

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15
Q

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is converted to carbon trichloride (CCl3.) by what enzyme and in what organ?

A

P450 in liver

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16
Q

What is the effect of carbon trichloride in the cell?

A

Cellular swelling

- Rough endoplasmic reticulum will also swell and ribosomes will pop off -> reduces protein synthesis

17
Q

What proteins repackage fat and cholesterol in the liver and can then transport them out?

A

Apolipoproteins (prevents fatty liver)

- If fat cannot leave you will get fatty liver disease)

18
Q

What industry has exposure to CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride)?

- May cause fatty liver disease

A

Dry cleaning

19
Q

How does reperfusion damage tissues? (e.g myocytes after MI treated w. PCI)

A

Once blood returns oxygen and inflammatory cells will create free radicals which will continue injury
- Cardiac enzymes will increase after treatment

USMLE Pathology (15 decks)

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