Groups Flashcards
whats a group?
2 or more people that interact and influence each other
Characteristics of groups
6 i’s
Interaction
**Identity **
Interdependance
Identical goals
**Interpersonal relationships **
Independance from other groups
Group Formation - 4 stages of development
**Tuckman **
FORMING - team members **get to know each other, roles are developed **
STORMING - conflict between members for certian positions or team captin, agendas often clashing
NORMING - acceptance of common goals and values, cohesion develops and groups begins to work together to reach goals
PERFORMING - team functions together as a unit, no conflict, motivated, understanding of their goals
cohesion
tendancy for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of goals and objectives
2 types of cohesion
task cohesion is the willingness to of a team to work together and acheive goals
social cohesion is the willingness for a team to socialise together
why do we need task cohesion ? (more important for high performance)
- ability of a group to acheive a common goal
- players need to interact effectively
- they understand each others roles (good coordination)
- good task cohesion helps social cohesion
why do we need social cohesion? (more important for recreational)
- ability for a group to relate well and get along
- **brings moral and support **
- TASK COHESION IS MORE IMPORTANT
Carrons model of cohesion - PETL
Factors that might influence cohesion :
Personal factors - the more simular age, background, ability and personality = greater cohesion
Environmental factors - Size of group, not to big so that people have their own roles, and greater opportunities for members to interact. The longer the group have been together = better cohesion (know roles)
Team factors - team need to be **STABLE (doesn’t change to often) **. Shared goals .
**Leadership **- cohesion is greater where the leader involves the group in decisions (democratic)
factors affecting group cohesion
- type of sport (cohesion is more important in team sports)
- stability allows time for relationships to develop
- group size not to big so interactions can take place
- simularity in age, skill level, personality and background
- satisfaction with other members
- success as a group
whats the coaches role in developing team cohesion ?
- making sure players know their roles and responsibilities
- maintaining stability (minimising changes in the group)
- make drills that develop interaction skills
- help players get to know each other
how to increase cohesion
- establish common goals
- team **bonding exercises **
- **create desire for success **
- democratic leadership
- use rewards
Steiners model of group performance
Actual productivity = potenial productivity - losses due to **faulty processes **
faulty processes include :
- coordination problems (poor timing or ineffective strategies)
- motivational problems (not all giving 100%)
how can a coach reduce faulty processes ?
- reduce communication problems by developing tactics and strategies
- maintain optimum motivational levels (extrinsic rewards and praise)
Ringleman effect
average individual performance decreases as group size increases, linked to motivational fault and athletes hiding in large groups because they are not being held accountable.
Rope pulling task:
eight people only pulled 4 times as hard as one person, however could be due to coordination issues.
(more collective - group as a whole)
Social loafing (individuals within a group)
group member reducing their efforts generally due to loss of motivation.
They often lack confidence, need to avoid failure and are anxious.
reasons for social loafing
- dont want to do all the work if others are not comitted
- think that team members will make up for the lack of effort
- think it makes little difference to the outcome
- because effort is hard to recognise
social loafing happens in team games because :
- individual performance is hard to identify
- indiviual performance is not assessed
- individuals feel that individual efforts do not get recognised enough
- if teamates are not putting in effort why should they?
how to avoid social loafing
monitor individual performance with notational analysis (fitness trackers).
emphasise team goals
give individual roles
