Group 6 Flashcards
Photosynthesis
building carbs using energy from sunlight and CO2
Aerobic respiration
converts energy stores in food molecules (glucose) into chemical energy stored in ATP when in the presence of oxygen.
-produces CO2 as a by product
the endosymbiotic theory
organelles from eukaryotic cells with 2 membranes, like mitochondria and chloroplasts represent formerly free-living prokaryotes taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE:
-binary fission of mitochondria and plastids
-circular DNA inside these organelles similar to bacteria
Glycogenolysis
how epinephrine (adrenaline) activates conversion of glycogen stores in the liver to glucose is a good example of signal transduction
Glycogenin
an enzyme that acts as a primer to polymerize the first glucose molecules - then other enzymes take over to assemble branches of glucose
3 stages of signal transduction
1) binding of ligan to receptor
2) signal transduction via second messengers like cAMP, calcium or G-protein
3) Cellular response: cellular growth, cell division, store glucose molecules as glycogen
membrane proteins and cells in signal transduction
-membrane proteins: play a major role in signal transduction by converting an extracellular signal into intracellular signal
-signal transduction allows cells to rapidly respond to events happening:
-grow, divide, survive, move & differentiate
Non-animal cells and the ECM
-cells of bacteria, plants and fungi have walls
-composed or cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and proteins
-provide structural support to cell and to whole organism (skeleton)
-protect cell from mechanical damage and pathogen attack
Anchor proteins and the ECM
-Anchor membrane proteins play an important role by interacting with components of the ECM
they assist in:
-tissue formation and coordinated cell function (skin, liver)
-communication between cells
