Group 5

Question 1

Functions of biological membranes

Answer 1

1) define cell boundary
2) define / enclose compartments
3) control materials moving in and out of the cell
4) allow response to external stimuli
5) intercellular interaction
6) provide scaffold for biochemical activities

Question 2

Virus life cycle: RNA Vaccines

Answer 2

An RNA virus has its coating, capsid and genetic material replicated outside of the nucleus before release

Question 3

Virus life cycle: Papoavirus

Answer 3

-uncoats DNA in cell
-its enzymes are synthesized
-followed by DNA replication and capsid protein duplication before being released

Question 4

2 types of infection (virus):

Answer 4

1) Lytic: when virus is produced, host cells rupture / die

2) Non-lytic: viral DNA inserts to host genome
-when host dies, cell survives with a weakened function, viruses are replicated

Question 5

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 5

chemical energy of organic molecules is transferred first to electron carriers that is used to create an electrochemical gradient that can power ATP synthesis
-produces the majority of ATP molecules in animal cells (88%)

Question 6

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 6

-hydrolysis reaction releases enough energy to drive phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
-ex: glycolysis where 1 glucose molecule is partially broken into 2 pyruvate molecules
-produces a small amount of total ATP (12%)

Question 7

Mitochondria and cellular respiration

Answer 7

-cellular respiration uses chemical energy stored in molecules such as carbs and lipids produces ATP
-cellular respiration involves a series of catabolic reactions
-cellular respiration in presence of oxygen = aerobic respiration

Question 8

Mitochondria has 2 aqueous compartments

Answer 8

-intermembrane space between OMM and IMM
-matrix: a high protein content, gel-like consistency space containing mitochondrial ribosomes and mitochondrial genome

Question 9

Inner mitochondrial membrane includes:

Answer 9

-high protein: lipid ratio (3:1)
-double-layered folds are called cristae; increase membrane surface area and contain machinery for aerobic respiration and ATP formation
-rich in a phospholipid called cardiolipin, which is a characteristic of bacterial membranes and needed for optimal function of enzymes

Question 10

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Answer 10

-contains enzymes with diverse metabolic functions
-lipid metabolism
-contains porins, which are large channels permeable (passive diffusion) to many molecules when opened (ATP, sucrose)