Group 5 Flashcards
Planning (Theories and Approaches)
it is the basic function
of management.
planning
according to Nickels and others, refers to “The management function that involves anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational objectives.
planning
“the selection and sequential ordering of tasks required to achieve an organizational goal.” - Aldag and Stearns,
planning
- helps managers to improve future performance
- minimizes risks and uncertainty
- facilitates coordination of activities
- provides direction for action
- uncovers and identifies opportunity and threats
- sets out standard for controlling
importance of planning
what are the 4 theories of planning
CCSB
classical theory
contingency theory
systems theory
behavioral theory
This theory emphasizes a structured approach to planning and management, focusing on hierarchy, formal rules, and efficiency.
classical theory
this theory views organizations as interconnected systems composed of various components that work together to achieve overall objectives.
systems theory
this theory posts that effective management and planning depend on the specific context of the organization, with no single best way to manage. This theory asserts that the optimal course of action varies.
contingency theory
this theory emphasizes the human aspects of management, focusing on the behaviors, motivations, and interactions of individuals and groups within an organization.
behavioral theory
what are the 3 different approaches to planning
top-down vs bottom-up
strategic vs. tactical
incremental vs. comprehensive
A senior management or
project leaders define the
overall goals,
top-down
Engineers and technical staff play a more active role
bottom-up
Involve analyzing competitive opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization,
strategic
Is intermediate-range (one to three years) planning that is designed to develop relatively concrete and specific means to implement the strategic plan.
tactical
Emphasizes gradual, step-by-step improvements or changes.
incremental
Is more broad and often involves tackling multiple aspects of a project or process in a single, all- encompassing change.
comprehensive
enumerate the planning process
SCIR
setting goal
creating plans
implementing
reviewing
A standard may be defined as “a quantitative or qualitative measuring device designed to help monitor the performances of people, capital goods or processes.”
setting goal
a crucial step for organizing and guiding, the successful completion of engineering projects.
CREATING PLAN
involves
translating the
strategic plan into
actionable steps.
implementing
A critical process for evaluating the effectiveness, progress, and outcomes of the plan as it is executed.
reviewing
what are the 4 types of plans
- functional area plans
- plans with time horizon
- plans according to frequency and use
- plans by scope and level
what are the 4 different managerial plans under functional area plans
MPFH
marketing plan
production plan
financial plan
human resource management plan
a document or the blueprint to execute and handle an organization’s marketing activity according to a certain marketing strategy
marketing plan
a written document outlining the quantity of production for a company as a whole and on a product family basis
production plan
a document that sums up the present status of the organization’s finances, analyzes financial needs and suggests a course for financial activities
financial plan
a document that shows the human resource needs of a company with respect to quantity, and this is done in terms of quantity and quality, according to the needs for the company’s strategic plan
human resource management plan
what are the two kind of plans with time horizons
short range plans
long range plans
plans with a time period of less than one year. These plans are mostly of concern to first line supervisors
short range plans
plans which are expected to take longer than one year. These plans are mostly carried out by the middle and top level management
long range plans
what are the 2 kinds of plans according to frequency and use
standing plan
single-use plan
plans that are repeated time and time again and focus on things that happen practically over and over.
standing plan
standing plans may be further classified into 3
policies, procedure, and rules
broad guidelines which
will help managers at all
levels
policies
plans that explain in
detail the sequence of
actions
procedure
statements of permitted
or required actions
rules
plans that contain courses of action that are relatively unique and are probably going to be repeated, and that are specifically developed to be implemented.
single-use plan
single-use plan can be further classified into 3
BUDGETS, PROGRAMS, AND PROJECTS
as Weston and Brigham put it,
“a plan specifying how much one plans to spend in a certain activity indicating from where the funds will be obtained”
budgets
a single use plan that
integrates a large
number of activities
programs
usually a more limited in scope plan for a single use and sometimes prepared to support a program
project
what are the 3 types of plans by scope and level
STO
strategic planning
tactical planning
operational planning
enumerate the best practices for effective planning
SIGBR
set clear objectives
involve stakeholders
gather reliable data
be flexible
regularly review plans
obstacles that hinders a succesfull planning
LIIFO
- lack of commitment
- improper planning process
- insufficient information
- focus on short term goals
- overreliance on planning department
