Group 3 - Computer-Hardware Flashcards
What are the Categories of Computer Systems
- Microcomputer systems
- Midrange systems
- Mainframe systems
Examples are personal computers, network computers, technical workstations, personal digital assistants, information appliances, etc.
Microcomputers systems
Examples are Network servers, minicomputers, Web servers, multiuser systems, etc.
Midrange Systems
Examples are Enterprise systems, superservers, transaction processors, supercomputers, etc.
Mainframe Systems
- Usually called a personal computer or PC
- Computing power now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous generations
- Relatively inexpensive
- Are the networked professional workstations used by business processions
- Versions include hand-held, notebook, laptop, tablet, desktop, and floor standing.
Microcomputer Systems
What are the uses of microcomputer?
- Workstations
- Network servers
- Supports have mathematical computer and graphics display demands
- CAD, investment and portfolio analysis
Workstations
- More powerful than workstations
- Coordinates telecommunications and resource sharing
- Supports small networks and Internet or intranet websites
Network Servers
- Solid performance at a reasonable price
- Operating system ready
- Connectivity
Corporate PC Criteria
- Mobile Devices such cellphones having the capabilities of a computer.
- Mobile users use this to access different apps to help in terms of work.
- Tons of productivity Apps like email, document editing tools, image capture and editing, video recording, Web browsing.
- All-in-One Device
Smart Phones / Tablets
Network interface cards or wireless capabilities
Connectivity
- Hand-held microcomputer devices
- Known as Smart Phones / Tablets
Information Appliances
Not as powerful as mainframes, Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain
Midrange Systems
High-end network servers that handle large-scale processing of business applications
Midrange Systems
Used as front-end servers to assist mainframes with telecommunications and networks
Midrange Systems
Often used to manage:
* Large Internet websites
* Corporate intranets and extranets
* Integrated, enterprise-wide applications
Midrange Systems
Large, fast, powerful computer systems
* Large primary storage capacity
* High transaction processing
* Handles complex computations
Mainframe Computer Systems
Widely used as superservers for…
* Large client/server networks
* High-volume Internet websites
Mainframe Computer Systems
Extremely powerful systems designed for…
* Scientific, engineering, and business applications
* Massive numeric computations
Supercomputer Systems
Becoming a popular computing platform for…
* Data mining and warehousing
* Electronic commerce applications
Mainframe Computer Systems
Markets include…
* Government research agencies
* Large universities
* Major corporations
Supercomputer Systems
- Uses parallel processing
- Billions to trillions of operations per second (gigaflops and teraflops)
- Costs $5 to $50 million
Supercomputer Systems
A system of hardware devices organized by function
Computer System Concept
- Keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic mice, optical scanners
- Converts data into electronic form for entry into computer system
Input
- Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- CPU subunits: arithmetic-logic and control unit
Processing
- Video display units, printers, audio response units, and so on
- Converts electronic information into human-intelligible form
Output
- Primary storage (memory)
- Secondary storage (disk drives)
Storage
CPU controls other components of the system
Control
Enter data and instructions into the CPU
Input Devices
Examples of Input Devices
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Touch Screen
- Optical Scanner
- Voice Recognition
Communicate and record Information
Output Devices
Examples of Output Devices
- Visual Display Unit
- Printer
- Audio-Response
- Physical Control Devices
Interprets Instructions and Directs Processing
Control unit
Performs Arithmetic Operations and makes comparisons
Arithmetic-Logic Unit
Store Data and Programs for Processing
Secondary Storage Devices
Examples of Secondary Storage Devices
- Magnetic Disk
- Tape Units
- Optical Disks
Has a speed of:
* Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
* Microseconds (millionths of a second)
Early computers
Has a speed of:
* Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
* Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)
Current computers
Has a speed of:
* Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
* Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
* Commonly called the “clock speed”
Program instruction processing speeds
The ability to perform useful computation or data processing assignments during a given period
Throughput
Speed is dependent on?
- Size of circuitry paths (buses) that interconnect
microprocessor components - Capacity of instruction processing registers
- Use of high-speed cache memory
- Use of specialized microprocessor, such as math coprocessor
A doubling in the number of transistors per integrated circuit every 18 to 24 months, Originally observed in 1965, it holds true today
Moore’s Law
As of 2019 a processor named ______ holds the highest transistor count which is 39.54 billion.
AMD Zen2
is a generic name for all input, output, and secondary storage devices
* Parts of the computer system, but not the CPU
* Are all online devices
Peripherals
Separate from the CPU, but electronically connected to and controlled by it
Online devices
Separate from and not under the control of the CPU
Offline devices
typewriter style device which uses buttons and keys
Keyboard
Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars; Selected with pointing devices
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Most popular pointing device; Pressing mouse buttons initiates activity represented by the icon selected.
Mouse
- Use computer by touching screen.
- Screen emits a grid of infrared beams, sound waves,
or electric current
Touch Screen
_____ can be the future of data entry, Easiest, most natural means of human communication
Speech
how can computer recognizing speech patterns?
through the use of algorithms through acoustic and language modeling
represents the relationship between linguistics units of speech and audio signals
Acoustic modeling
matches sounds with word sequences to help distinguish between words that sound similar
Language modeling
Can be used for:
* In-Car Systems
* Telephony
* Language learning
* Home Automation
Speech Recognition Systems
Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card
Smart Cards
- Allows you to shoot, store, and download photos or full-motion video with audio into the PC
- Images and audio can then be edited or enhanced
Digital Cameras
Scans a machine readable code represented by an image consisting of black and white lines. Line refers to
numbers from 0 to 9.
Barcode Readers
Scans a computer generated pattern capable of holding a modest amount of data.
QR Code Readers
- Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), Active matrix and dual scan
- Organic Light-emitting Diode (OLED)
Video Displays / Monitors
Examples of Printed Output (2D printing)
- Inkjet printers
- Laser printers
it spray ink on a page
Inkjet printers
it uses an electrostatic process similar to a photocopying machine
Laser printers
A device that is capable of printing 3- dimensional models from CAD software through an additive process.
3D Printer
List the Storage Tradeoffs in ascending order
- Magnetic Tape
- Optical Disks
- Magnetic Disks
- Semiconductor Memory
Uses a two-state or binary representation of data
* On or Off
* On represents the number 1
* Off represents the number 0
Data are processed and stored in computer systems through the presence or absence of On/ Off signals
Computer Storage Fundamentals
- Short for binary digit
- Smallest element of data
- Either zero or one
Bit
- Group of eight bits, which operate as a single unit
- Represents one character or number
Byte
one thousand bytes
Kilobyte (KB)
one million bytes
Megabyte (MB):
one billions bytes
Gigabyte (GB)
one trillion bytes
Terabyte (TB)
one quadrillion bytes
Petabyte (PB):
- Directly store and retrieve data
- Each storage position has a unique address and can be accessed in the same length of time
- Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disks (Hard Drive)
Direct or Random Access
- Data is stored and retrieved sequentially
- Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior data
- Magnetic tape (Credit cards)
Sequential Access
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips that are used for primary storage?
*Advantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature resistance
* Disadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted electric power or loses memory
Enumerate the types of Semiconductor Memory
- Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Read-Only Memory (ROM)
- Magnetic Disks
- Flash Drives
- Solid-State Drive
- RAID Storage
- Radio Frequency
- Identification (RFID)
- QR codes
- Most widely used primary storage medium
- Volatile memory
- Read/write memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Permanent storage
- Can be read, but not overwritten
- Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing process
- Called firmware
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Used for secondary storage
* Fast access and high capacity
* Reasonable cost
Magnetic Disks
- Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in sealed module for stable environment
- Fixed or removable
- Capacity from several hundred MBs to hundreds of GBs
Hard Disk Drives (hard drives)
Sometimes referred to as a thumb drive.
- Uses a small chips containing thousands of transistors
- Can store data for virtually
unlimited periods without power - Easily transported and highly durable
- Storage capacity of up to 2TB (Kingston Data Traveler Ultimate GT)
- Plugs into any USB port
(Newer models uses USB 3.0)
Flash Drives
Uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data
persistently. Uses flash memory.
* Can store data for virtually
unlimited periods without power
* Easily transported and highly durable
* Storage capacity of up to 1TB (Samsung EVO 860 2.5”)
* Plugs into a PCI-Express Slot
Solid-State Drive
- Disk arrays of hard disk drives.
- Combines from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives into a single unit.
- Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks.
- Redundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacity.
RAID Storage
One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologies
* System for tagging and identifying mobile objects
* Used with store merchandise, postal packages, casino chips, pets
* Special reader allows objects to be tracked as they move from place to place
* Chips half the size of a grain of sand
Passive chips derive power from reader signal
*Active chips are self-powered
Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID)
- Scans from greater distance
- Can store data
- Allows more information to be tracked
Privacy concerns
* Invisible nature of the system
* Capacity to transmit fairly sophisticated messages
RFID
Quick Response Code
* Type of barcode that contain a matrix of dots
* It can be scanned using a QR scanner or smartphone with camera.
* Allows more information to be stored.
Uses – mainly Advertising
* URLs
* Website login
* Video games
* Loyalty programs / promos
QR codes
