GROUP 1 UNIT 2: FOUNDATION CONCEPTS: THE COMPONENTS OF IS Flashcards
______underlie all business processes, as well as our understanding of information systems and technologies.
System Concepts
E-business and e-commerce applications involve interconnected business information systems
Applications
Managing information technology emphasizes the quality, strategic business value, and security of an organization’s information systems.
Management
Computer networks are systems of information processing components that use a variety of hardware, software, data management, and telecommunications network technologies
Technology
A ______ is defined as a set of interrelated components, with a clearly defined boundary, working together to achieve a common set of objectives by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process
system
Systems have three basic functions:
Input, Processing, Output
Developing ways to use information technology in business includes designing the basic components of information systems
Development
involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. For example, raw materials, energy, data, and human effort must be secured and organized for processing.
Input
involves transformation processes that convert input into output. Examples are manufacturing processes, the human breathing process, or mathematical calculations
Processing
involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination. For example, finished products, human services, and management information must be transmitted to their human users.
Output
Example: A manufacturing system accepts raw materials as input and produces finished goods as output. An information system is a system that accepts resources (data) as input and processes them into products (information) as output. A ________ is a system in which human and economic resources are transformed by various business processes into goods and services.
business organization
The system concept becomes even more useful by including two additional elements: _____ and ____. A system with feedback and control functions is sometimes called a________, that is, a self-monitoring, self-regulating system
Feedback and Control, cybernetic system
is data about the performance of a system.
Feedback
For example, data about sales performance are feedback to a sales manager. Data about the speed, altitude, attitude, and direction of an aircraft are feedback to the aircraft’s pilot or autopilot.
Feedback
involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal. The control function then makes the necessary adjustments to a system’s input and processing components to ensure that it produces proper output.
Control
For example, a sales manager exercises control when reassigning salespersons to new sales territories after evaluating feedback about their sales performance. An airline pilot, or the aircraft’s autopilot, makes minute adjustments after evaluating the feedback from the instruments to ensure that the plane is exactly where the pilot wants it to be
Control
Another example is the _______, which can be regarded as a cybernetic system that automatically monitors and adjusts many of its functions, such as temperature, heartbeat, and breathing. A business also has many control activities. For example, computers may monitor and control manufacturing processes, accounting procedures help control financial systems, data entry displays provide control of data entry activities, and sales quotas and sales bonuses attempt to control sales performance.
Human body
A ______ does not exist in a vacuum; rather, it exists and functions in an environment containing other systems.
system
____ include end users and IS specialist
People Resources
People who use an information system or the information it produces.
End- users
End-users also called as _______
Users or clients
They can be customers, salespersons, engineers, clerks, accountants, or managers and are found at all levels of an organization.
End-users
In fact, most of us are information system________. Most end users in business are________, that is, people who spend most of their time communicating and collaborating in teams and workgroups and creating, using, and distributing information
End-users, knowledge workers
are people who develop and operate information systems
IS specialists
They include systems analysts, software developers, system operators, and other managerial, technical, and clerical IS personnel
IS specialists
concerned with or relating to work in an office, especially routine documentation and administrative tasks.
Clerical
_______design information systems based on the information requirements of end users, software developers create computer programs based on the specifications of systems analysts, and system operators help monitor and operate large computer systems and networks
Systems analysts
Specifically, it includes not only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data media, that is, tangible objects on which data are recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic or optical disks
Hardware Resources
The concept of _________ includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing.
hardware resources
Examples of hardware in computer-based information systems are:
a. Computer Systems
b. Computer Peripherals
Telecommunications technologies and networks like the Internet, intranets, and extranets are essential to the successful e-business and e-commerce operations of all types of organizations and their computer-based information systems
Network Resources
which consist of central processing units containing microprocessors and a variety of interconnected peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, monitors, and so on
Computer systems
Examples are handheld, laptop, tablet, or desktop microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large mainframe computer systems.
Computer Systems
Thus, data are usually subjected to a value-added process (data processing or information processing) during which
- their form is aggregated, manipulated, and organized
- their content is analyzed and evaluated, and
- they are placed in a proper context for a human use
The ______ of information systems are typically organized, stored, and accessed by a variety of data resource management technologies into:
_____ that hold processed and organized data
______ that hold knowledge in variety of forms, such as facts, rules and case examples about successful business practices
Data resources, databases, knowledge bases
Alternatively, salespersons might capture sales data using computer keyboards or optical scanning devices; they are visually prompted to enter data correctly by video displays. This method provides them with a more convenient and efficient user interface, that is, methods of end-user input and output with a computer system. Methods such as optical scanning and displays of menus, prompts, and fill-in-the-blank formats make it easier for end users to enter data correctly into an information system.
Input of Data Resources, source document
For example, data about sales transactions may be accumulated, processed, and stored in a Web-enabled sales database that can be accessed for sales analysis reports by managers and marketing professionals. ______ are used by knowledge management systems and expert systems to share knowledge or give expert advice on specific subjects.
Knowledge bases
More specifically, data are objective measurements of the______ (the characteristics) of _____(e.g., people, places, things, events).
Attributes, entities
If a system is one of the components of a larger system, it is a _______, and the larger system is its environment.
subsystem
Are raw facts or observations, typically about physical phenomena or business transactions. For example, a spacecraft launch or the sale of an automobile would generate a lot of data describing those events.
Data
as data that have been converted into a meaningful and useful context for specific end users
information
Data is _______: A list of numbers or names, by itself, does not provide any understanding of the context in which it was recorded
Context independent
For _____, both the context of the data and the perspective of the person accessing the data become essential.
information
The ______ may be considered valuable information to one person and completely irrelevant to the next.
Same data
Several systems may share the same environment. Some of these systems may be connected to one another by means of a shared boundary, or _______.
interface
The quality of any data stored in an information system also must be maintained by a continual process of correcting and updating activities.
Processing of Data into Information
Hence_____ is potentially valuable to all and information is valuable relative to its user.
data
What are the System Activities?
Control of System Performance
Input of Data Resources
Processing Data into Information
Output of Information Products
Storage of Data Resources
For example, data about sales transactions may be recorded on source documents such as paper order forms. (A ________ is the original, formal record of a transaction.)
Input of Data Resources,
source document
Example: Data received about a purchase can be:
● added to a running total of sales results,
● compared to a standard to determine eligibility for a sales discount,
● sorted in numerical order based on product identification numbers,
● classified into product categories (e.g., food and nonfood items),
● summarized to provide a sales manager with information about various product categories, and finally
● used to update sales records.
Processing of Data into information
Storage is the information system activity in which data are retained in an organized manner for later use.
Storage of Data Resources
An information system depends on the ______ (end users and IS specialists), _______ (machines and media), ¬______ (programs and procedures), _____ (data and knowledge bases), and ______ (communications media and network support) to perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities that transform data resources into information products.
Resources of people, hardware,
software, data, network
As a business professional, we should be able to recognize the fundamental components of information systems we encounter in the real world. This demand means that we should be able to identify:
● The people, hardware, software, data, and network resources they use.
● The types of information products they produce.
● The way they perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities.
- This kind of understanding will help one be a better user, developer, and manager of information systems. This is important to our future success as a manager, entrepreneur, business professional, or modern business technologist.
Recognizing Information systems
This feedback must be monitored and evaluated to determine whether the system is meeting established performance standards.
Control of System Performance
Then appropriate system activities must be adjusted so that proper information products are produced for end users.
Control of System Performance
For example, just as written text material gets organized into words, sentences, paragraphs, and documents, stored data are commonly organized into a variety of data elements and databases
Storage of Data Resources
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This organization facilitates their later use in processing or retrieval as output when needed by users of a system.
Storage of Data Resources
An information system should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and storage activities.
Control of System Performance
For example, a manager may discover that subtotals of sales amounts in a sales report do not add up to total sales. This conflict might mean that data entry or processing procedures need to be corrected. Then changes would have to be made to ensure that all sales transactions would be properly captured and processed by a sales information system
Control of System Performance
Business examples of the basic activities of information systems
Input. Optical scanning of bar-coded tags on merchandise.
Processing. Calculating employees pay, taxes, and other payroll deductions.
Output. Producing reports and displays about sales performance
Storage. Maintaining records on customers, employees and products.
Control. Generating audible signals to indicate proper entry of sales data.
Information systems are made up of interrelated components:
People, hardware, software, peripherals, and networks
A system that has the ability to change itself or its environment to survive is an ________.
adaptive system
Example: _______such as businesses and government agencies are good examples of the systems in society, which is their environment. Society contains a multitude of such systems, including individuals and their social, political, and economic institutions. Organizations themselves consist of many subsystems, such as departments, divisions, process teams, and other workgroups. Organizations are examples of open systems because they interface and interact with other systems in their environment. Finally, organizations are examples of adaptive systems because they can modify themselves to meet the demands of a changing environment.
Organizations
a large number of people or things
Multitude
System Characteristics
They have clearly defined boundaries:
Functions, modules, type of application, department, or end-user group.
_______ are systems just like any other system. Their value to the modern organization, however, is unlike any other system ever created
Information systems
System Characteristics
Information systems make extensive use of feedback and control to improve their effectiveness:
Error messages, dialog boxes, passwords, and user rights management.
This generic concept of software includes not only the sets of operating instructions called ______, which direct and control computer hardware, but also the sets of information processing instructions called _____ that people need
Programs, procedures
System Characteristics
All the interrelated components work together to achieve a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process:
Using raw materials, hiring new people, manufacturing products for sale, and disseminating information to others.
constitute valuable organizational resources
Data
Many information systems are designed to change in relation to their environments and are adaptive:
Intelligent software agents, expert systems, and highly specialized decision support systems.
This _______ highlights the relationships among the components and activities of information systems.
Information model
All information systems require _____ in the form of information processing instructions and procedures to properly capture, process, and disseminate information to their users.
Software resources
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Examples of Software Resources
a. System Software
b. Application Software
c. Procedures
_____ are the five basic resources of information systems.
People, hardware, software, data, and networks
_______are transformed by information processing activities into a variety of information products for end users
Data Resources
includes all sets of information processing instructions.
Software Resources
People resources include end users and IS specialists, hardware resources consist of _______, software resources include both programs and procedures, data resources include data and knowledge bases, and network resources include communications media and networks.
Machines and media
consists of the system activities of input, processing, output, storage, and control.
Information processing
____ include end users and IS specialist are the essential ingredient for the successful operation of all information systems.
People
that previously were captured as a result of a common transaction are now stored, processed, and analyzed using sophisticated software applications that can reveal complex relationships among sales, customers, competitors, and markets.
Data
such as an operating system program, which controls and supports the operations of a computer system. Microsoft Windows and Unix are two examples of popular computer operating systems.
System Software
which are programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users. Examples are sales analysis, payroll, and word processing programs.
Application software
are the lifeblood of today’s organizations, and the effective and efficient management of data is considered an integral part of organizational strategy.
Data
Data can take many forms:
Alphanumeric data
Text data
Image data
Audio data
composed of numbers, letters, and other characters that describe business transactions and other events and entities.
Alphanumeric data
consisting of sentences and paragraphs used in written communications
Text data
such as graphic shapes and figures or photographic and video images.
Image data
including the human voice and other sounds
Audio data
consist of computers, communications processors, and other devices interconnected by communications media and controlled by communications software.
Telecommunication networks
The concept of _____ emphasizes that communications technologies and networks are fundamental resource components of all information systems
Network resources
Network resources include:
Communication media
Network Infrastructure
Examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial and fiber-optic cables, and microwave, cellular, and satellite wireless technologies.
Communication media
Examples include communications processors, such as modems and inter-network processors, and communications control software, such as network operating systems and Internet browser packages.
Network Infrastructure
Data about business transactions and other events must be captured and prepared for processing by the input activity.
Input of Data Resources
End users usually enter data directly into a computer system or record data about transactions on some type of physical medium such as a paper form.
Input of Data Resources
Input typically takes the form of data entry activities such as recording and editing.
Input of Data Resources
This entry includes a variety of editing activities to ensure that they have recorded the data correctly.
Input of Data Resources
Once entered, data may be transferred onto a machine readable medium, such as a magnetic disk, until needed for processing
Input of Data Resources
Data are typically subjected to processing activities, such as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying, and summarizing.
Processing of Data Information
These activities organize, analyze, and manipulate data, thus converting them into information for end users
Processing of Data Information
information in various forms is transmitted to end users and made available to them in the output activity
Output of Information Products
The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information products for end users.
Output of Information Products
For example, a sales manager may view a video display to check on the performance of a salesperson, accept a computer-produced voice message by telephone, and receive a printout of monthly sales results.
Output of Information Products
Common information products include messages, reports, forms, and graphic images, which may be provided by video displays, audio responses, paper products, and multimedia.
Output of Information Products
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