Gross Topography of the Brain Flashcards
What’s the germ layer for the Neural Tube?
Ectoderm
The mesencephalic Flexure is located between?
Midbrain-hindbrain
The Pontine Flexure is located between?
The met-myelencephalon
The cervical flexure is located between the?
The brain-spinal cord
What type of orientation does the human brain have?
Rostro-caudal
The adult brain includes:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem: Mindbrain, Pons, Medulla
Describe the spinal cord:
Begins at pyramidal decussation. Ends at L1/2 in adults.
Where does the dural sac end?
S2
The dorsal surface provides:
Sensory
The ventral surface provides:
MOTOR
Spain nerves provides
Mixed
What are Gyri?
Elevations of the brain
What are Sulci
Depressions of the brain
Name the landmarks of the brain
Central Sulcus (Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe)
Lateral Fissure (separates temporal lobe from Parietal and Frontal lobe)
Parieto-occipital Sulcus (more prominent in medial aspect of brain; separates occipital lobe from rest)
Sagittal Fissure ( Divides two cerebral hemispheres
The cerebrum is a derivative of:
Telencephalon
What is the Rolando?
Frontal pole to central sulcus. Separated from temporal lobe by lateral sulcus (Sylvius)
What are the contents of the Frontal Lobe?
- Precentral gyrus
- Superior, Middle, and inferior frontal gyrus (is anterior to 1; dominant on left hemisphere– involved in language)
- Olfactory bulb and tract (medial)
What are the functional areas of the Frontal lobe?
- Primary motor cortex: (Precentral gyrus)Initiation of voluntary movement
- Premotor area: Prepares 10 motor cortex—Planned movement
- Supplemental area: Prepares 10 motor for complex movement
What works together to make fluid movements?
The functional areas of the Frontal lobes
Primary motor cortex, Premotor area, and supplemental area
What is Broca’s area?
Part of the functional area of the frontal lobe.
- Production of meaningful language (Language output)
- Comprehension intact: (Damage will lead to problems putting thoughts into words, short phases)
What is the Prefrontal cortex:
Part of the functional area of the frontal lobe.
- Will provide executive functioning (higher order thought processing)
What are the borders of the Parietal lobe?
Central sulcus
Preoccipital notch-parietoocipital sulcus
Lateral sulcus
What are the contents of the Parietal lobe?
- Postcentral sulcus and gyrus
- Superior parietal lobule
- Intraparietal sulcus
- Supramarginal gyrus
- Angular gyrus
- Posterior paracentral lobule
- Precuneus
Inf parental gyrus =
supra marginal and angular gyri
Wernicke’s area
Functional areas of the Parietal lobe?
- Primary somatosensory cortex: Sensory strip
- Wernicke’s area: (also includes part of temporal lobe)– Comprehension of language: Issues with language input/comprehension, Speech ok but may not make sense
- Superior parietal gyrus/lobule: Spatial organization (Injury= Neglect syndrome)
What is Neglect syndrome?
Issues with processing and perceiving stimuli
Deficit commonly contralateral to damage
What are the borders of the Occipital lobe?
Parietal and Temporal lobes
What is the function of the Occipital lobe?
- Primary visual cortex: Receives information from contralateral field of vision
- Visual association cortex: Relates visual experiences. If damaged can see object but don’t recognize it
What are the borders of the Temporal lobe?
Lateral sulcus and “imaginary line”
Temporal lobe contents:
Superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Occipitotemporal gyrus
Function of Superior gyri (temporal lobe)
Wernicke’s area (language)
Comprehension impaired if injured
Function of Occipitotemporal Gyri (fusiform gyrus)– temporal lobe
Part of temporal and occipital lobe; involved in visual association cortex
Function of Primary auditory cortex: (Temporal lobe)
Within lateral fissure
Includes superior temporal gyrus
What is the Insular cortex?
- Lateral aspect of the brain deep to lateral sulcus
- Part of parietal, temporal and frontal lobe
- Part of lymbic system
- Involved in emotion, Homeostasis, awareness, and motor control
What is the Corpus Callosum?
Series of Nerve tracts:
Subcortical structure: not part of cortex. Communicates between hemispheres
Only found in placental mammals
Largest white matter structure
Integrates motor, sensory and cognitive activity between the right and left hemisphere
Epithalamus/pineal is involved in:
Circadian rhythms, melatonin production
Thalamus involved in:
Impacts most functional systems(motor and sensory)
Hypothalamus:
Major visceral control center (ANS); connects to pituitary
Midbrain is continuous with:
Diencephalon rostrally and pons caudally
Midbrain is composed of:
- Tectum: Superior Colliculus (vison) Inferior colliculus (hearing)
- Tegmentum: Base of tectum; Nuclei of CN III< IV, V
- Cerebral peduncles: Connection between spinal cord and cerebrum. CN III emerges from between peduncles
Superior midbrain:
Vision
Inferior midbrain:
Hearing
What forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?
Tegmentum
Function of the Pons:
Relays sensory info between cerebrum and cerebellum
Role in Arousal, sleep, ANS
Associated with CN 5 (pons) and VI, VII and VIII (pontomedullary junction)
Function of the Medulla:
Respiratory, Cardiac, and vasomotor
The defending motor tract creates pyramids.
The medullar is the lower part of brainstem
What nerves are apart of the medulla?
IX, X and XI, XII (XI has 2 nuclei involved
Both sensory and motors aspects
What is the Area postrema?
- It’s located on dorsal aspect of medulla (Caudal end of 4th ventricle)
- It is the Chemoreceptor trigger zone. which will induce vomiting.
- It lacks the BBB so that it can detect toxins in blood and CSF
The Hippocampus - Temporal lobe is involved in:
Emotion
Spatial organization
New memories (Korsakoff’s Syndrome)
C-shaped and apart of the limbic system
The Amygdala– Temporal lobe is involved in:
Emotions, Emotional behaviors, Stimulation causes aggression or fear
What is Korsakoff’s Syndrome?
Memory disorder
Deficiency of Thiamine (B1)
Most commonly caused by alcohol abuse
Symptoms: Long term memory gaps, lack of short term memory, make up memories or information
What is the Basal Ganglia?
A collection of nuclei that surrounds the thalamus. (Sends fibers to thalamus)
It’s important in the afferent and efferent pathways
Function: Cognition, coordination, voluntary movement
Diseases: Parkinson’s, Huntingtons’s, Tourette’s, OCD, schizophrenia
What is the Cerebellum?
“little brain”
Motor control: timing and coordination.
The anterior lobe of cerebellum?
Unconscious proprioception
Posterior lobe of Cerebellum?:
Fine motore, Inhibit involuntary movement
Flocculonodular lobe of Cerebellum?
Receives input from CN VIII
Eye movements
Postural adjustments to gravity
Equilibrium
Saggital Plane of cerebellum?
Vermis
Hemispheres
What are the Cerebellar Lesion Symptoms?
- Errors in movement (Ipsilateral)
- Ataxia (decomposition of movement, - Dysmetria (over shoot under shoot), Intention tremors: shaking while preforming a motor activity
- Speech ataxia
- Trunk instability ( Sitting and standing)
- Visual issues (maintaining gaze, Nystagmus: repeated rapid eye movement)
- impaired sequencing of skilled learned movements ( Playing an instrument)
