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Neuroscience > Gross Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Gross Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary vesicles of the brain?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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2
Q

What will the Prosencephalon give rise to?

A

The Telencephalon (cerebrum) and the Diencephalon (Thalamic structures)

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3
Q

What will the Mesencephalon give rise to?

A

It stays the Mesencephalon, but it will eventually give rise to the Tectum and Tegmentum

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4
Q

What will the rhombencephalon give rise to?

A

The Metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and the Myelencephalon (medulla)

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5
Q

What forms the ventricles in the brain?

A

Hollow areas (4 large cavities)

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6
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles (ventricles I and II) located?

A

In the telencephalon (right and left cerebral hemispheres)

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7
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

In the Diencephalon

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8
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

In the Rhombencephalon

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9
Q

How do the ventricles intercommunicate?

A

Via doorways

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10
Q

What is the origin of anything that has “thalamic” in its name?

A

Diencephalon

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11
Q

What is the cerebrum a derivative of?

A

Telencephalon

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12
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A 
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Insular Cortex
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13
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

An elevation of brain tissue

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14
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A fissure/grove between gyri

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15
Q

What are the main sulci of the cerebrum?

A

the central sulcus, which separates the frontal and parietal lobes
The lateral sulcus, which separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
And the Parieto-occipital sulcus, which is only visible on the medial side from a sagittal view, between the parietal and occipital lobes

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16
Q

What is the frontal lobe a part of?

A

The cerebrum, which is a telencephalon derivative

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17
Q

What are the main areas of the frontal lobe?

A 
Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus - Brocca's area
Olfactory sulcus
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18
Q

What are the general functions of the frontal lobe?

A 
Motor movement
Personality
Sense of Purpose
Sense of Responsibility (right vs wrong)
Suppression of socially unacceptable behaviors
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19
Q

What is the main function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Precentral gyrus is the primary motor area

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20
Q

What is the main function of the superior frontal gyrus?

A

Self awareness, laughter

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21
Q

What is the main function of the middle frontal gyrus?

A

Frontal eye field

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22
Q

What is the main function of the inferior frontal gyrus - Broca’s Area?

A

The motor area of speech, Broca’s is usually on the left side

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23
Q

What is the significance of the Olfactory Sulcus?

A

The olfactory bulb lies within the olfactory sulcus

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24
Q

What two parts collectively make up Broca’s area?

A

Opercular and Triangular parts

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25
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

A problem in Broca’s area of the brain where the person knows what they want to say but they just cant say it
The person tends to stammer

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26
Q

What are the important functional areas within the Parietal Lobe?

A

The postcentral gyrus
The Superior Parietal Lobule
The Inferior Parietal Lobule which contains the subramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus

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27
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

It is the primary sensory area

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28
Q

What is the function of the superior parietal lobule?

A

It is the sensory association area

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29
Q

What is the function of the inferior parietal lobule?

A

The inferior parietal lobule interrelates somatosensory with auditory and visual cues via the Supramarginal gyrus

It also is the language comprehension and mathematics center via the Angular gyrus

30
Q

What is the left side of the brain predominant for?

A

Language

31
Q

What is the right side of the brain predominant for?

A

Spatial orientation and perception (perceptual ability)

32
Q

What is cortical neglect?

A

The brain is working on one half and not making connections with the other half. So you will put clothes on one side of the body but not think about the other side of the body. the natural flow is affected

33
Q

What is Gerstman’s Syndrome?

A

A lesion in the inferior parietal lobule which causes a multitude of problems
Finger Agnosia - cannot process what finger is stimulated but you know that it is a finger
Left/Right Disorientation - does not know left vs right side
Dysgraphia - difficulty writing
Discalculia - difficulty with math

34
Q

What are the functional areas of the Occipital lobe?

A

Cuneus and lingual gyrus

35
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Allowing one to see - interpreting vision

36
Q

What are the functional areas in the temporal lobe?

A

The Superior temporal gyrus, which is made up of the transverse temporal gyrus, Wernicke’s area, and Planum Temporale

As well as the hippocampus

37
Q

What is the general function of the temporal lobe?

A

The temporal lobe is the site for language, new memories, and visual memories

38
Q

What is the function of the transverse temporal gyrus?

A

Primary auditory area

39
Q

what is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

sensory part of speech

40
Q

What is the function of the Planum Temporale?

A

Language processing center, music appreciation

41
Q

What happens if you have a problem in Wernicke’s area?

A

You may make fine and articulate words, but noting put together makes any sense

A problem here, they don’t really know what they ant to say but they CAN express it, whereas a problem with Broca’s area, they know what they want to say but CAN’T express it

42
Q

What is the primary gustatory center?

A

the Insular Cortex

43
Q

What are the derivatives of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus (with pituitary gland)
Subthalamus
Epithalamus (with pineal gland)

44
Q

What is the general function of the thalamus?

A

It is the relay center, tells something where to go, directs traffic

45
Q

What is the general function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Endocrine and Autocomics, (autonomic = 2-neuron system)

46
Q

What is the general function of the subthalamus?

A

It is the motor nucleus

47
Q

What happens if the subthalamus is selectively destroyed?

A

It can create “Hemiballismus” which is a violent swinging of an appendage such as an arm

48
Q

What is the function of the Epithalamus via the Pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin, modulates sleep patterns, circadian rhythms

49
Q

What are the derivatives of the Mesencephalon?

A

Tectum with the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus
Tegmentum
Basis with the cerebral peduncles

50
Q

What is the function of the tectum?

A

The tectum via the superior colliculus functions in visual reflexes
and the tectum via the inferior colliculus functions in auditory reflexes

51
Q

What is the function of the tegmentum?

A

It carries sensory pathways - pain, temp, touch, etc.

52
Q

What is the function of the basis?

A

It carries motor pathways via the cerebral peduncles

53
Q

What cranial nerves attach to the midbrain?

A

Cranial nerves III and IV

54
Q

What are the derivatives of the Metencephalon?

A

Pons and Cerebellum

55
Q

What is the general function of the cerebellum?

A

Fine tuning motor movement

56
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum along the sagittal plane?

A

Vermis, and the Cerebellar Hemispheres (2)

57
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum along the transverse plane?

A

The anterior lobe, the posterior lobe, and the flocculonodular lobe

58
Q

What does the anterior lobe control?

A

Inputs from the extremities

59
Q

What does the posterior lobe control?

A

Inputs from the cerebral cortex

60
Q

What does the Flocculonodular lobe control?

A

Vestibular input, balance equilibrium

61
Q

What are the major signs of cerebellar lesion?

A

Dystaxia - difficulty or lack of voluntary coordinated muscle movement
Dysmetria - related to dystaxia, uner or overshooting actions
Dysarthia - difficulty talking, slurred words
Nystagmus - eyes go nuts, drift to one side and rapidly try to correct itself
Dysdiadochokinesis - difficulty trying to perform rapid alternating movement
Intention Tremor - tremor causing you to shake such as you are reaching for something and start shaking

62
Q

What is the difference between an Intention Tremor and a Non-Intention Tremor?

A

Intention tremor is shaking when you are doing an action, and a Non-intention tremor is a shake at rest, that dissipates when you go to do something

63
Q

What are the differences between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

Destroying cerebellum means you can still move but not well, and destroying the cerebrum means you cannot move

In terms of the cerebellum, the right side influences the right side of cerebellar movements, and the left influences the left. For the cerebrum, the right influences the left, and the left influences the right

64
Q

What are the common cerebellar lesions?

A

Posterior lobe syndrome
Anterior lobe syndrome
Flocculonodular lobe syndrome

65
Q

What happens in posterior lobe syndrome?

A

Tremor, dysmetria, disdiadochokinesis

66
Q

What happens in Anterior lobe syndrome?

A

Problems in coordination with extremities - gait, stumble, affected by malnutrition commonly due to alcohol abuse because the brain has been destroyed because of the alcohol

67
Q

What happens in Flocculonodular Lobe Syndrome?

A

Lose posture and trunk vestibular movements; difficulty trying to sit down or stand up, affects core, common in people who may have a medulloblastoma tumor

68
Q

What are the derivatives of the Myelencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata, which is made up by the area postrema

69
Q

What cranial nerves attach to the medulla oblongata?

A

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII

70
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

It contains cardiac and respiratory control centers, important for breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, along with other reflex things

71
Q

What is significant about the area postrema?

A

There is no blood brain barrier here; vomitting center - reflex to vomit so you do not poison your system

Neuroscience (4 decks)

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