Gross Motor

Question 1

Describe Motion

Answer 1

Initiates and moves voluntarily with good frequency
[-] reduced motion= fear/anxiety, behaviour/motivation, environment/culture, physical impairment
[+] excessive or hyper-vigilant= constant scanning or trying to orientate self

Question 2

Describe Orientation

Answer 2

Orients to task and environment, transition well–> postural control, orientation to environment
[-] Delayed/inadequate orientation= can be between body segment, within task, to gravity, environment, to task
[+] excessive or hypervigilant= constantly scanning or trying to orientate self

Question 3

Describe Variety

Answer 3

Shows movement variety, adaptability or ability to move
[-] poor repertoire, only one way of doing task, habitual/obligatory movements only
[+] excessive, random, uncontrolled movement= too many options but not enough control of movements

Question 4

Describe Ease

Answer 4

Movements are easy, free, fluid and without restriction
[-] not easy, free, fluid movement= due to pain, stiffness, fear
[+] too easy, free fluid= poor co-ordination, lack of control, impulsive movements

Question 5

Describe Modulation

Answer 5

Generation of effort (force) and amplitude (range) of movement are well controlled
[-] not enough
[+] too much

Question 6

Describe Effective

Answer 6

Movement is purposeful, accurate, achieves intend effect
[-] poor effect due to inadequate/few attempts’
[+] poor outcome despite excessive/multiple attempts

Question 7

Describe Normal

Answer 7

Motor skill, milestone are normal for age and condition

Question 8

Describe Timing

Answer 8

Timing of start, duration and end of movement is optional
[-] too slow= reaction time, movement, coincident timing
[+] too fast, impulsive, poor planning

Question 9

Describe Safe

Answer 9

Movements protect and do not cause injury
[-] too safety- impulsive, accidental injury, risky, poor control
[+] too safe- avoids or restricts movement or experience

Question 10

Head control

Ability, Typical, Atypical, how to test it

Answer 10

Ability: control position of head in midline + multiple positions respect to task+ environment

Typical: normal absence in newborns
–emerges 3 months

Atypical: lack of antigravity control, lack of voluntary control of position

Question 11

Rolling

Ability, typical, Atypical, how to test it

Answer 11

Ability: control position of head in midline + multiple positions

Typical: 4 months
Atypical: absence, roll end block, hyperextends to roll, ATNR to roll, purposeless rolling

Question 12

Sitting

Answer 12

Ability: sit with appropriate spinal curves, erect posture, adequate BoS, postural adjustments (vestibular, visual, prop, auditory stimulates)

Typical: supported sitting 4 months,
10-12 months unsupported
12 months side sit

Atypical: consistent c curve sitting, abnormal tone, w sitting + propping, can’t sit unsupported

Question 13

Creeping

Answer 13

Ability: prone position, can alternate arms and opposite leg flexion + ext in order to move forward on floor. Req weight shift diagonally

Typical: 6-8 months

Question 14

Crawling

Answer 14

Ability: WB on hands and knees, crawl using reciprocal pattern on floor and on stairs

Typical: 8 months 4-point kneel
10-12 months

Atypical: bunny hop or bottom shuffle, inability to weight shift, lack reciprocal pattern, irregular pattern

Question 15

Pull to stand

Answer 15

Ability: position legs, weight shift from sitting through half kneel into standing

Typical: 10-12 months using supports to pull
uses squats at 18 months

Atypical: consider lack of awareness, leg position, strength, power, weight shift

Question 16

Kneeling

Answer 16

Ability: adopt+ maintain low kneel, high kneel, half kneel positions w/o hand support + good PC
—-Req muscle strength and endurance of gluten, quad, PF, trunk + lateral hip muscle control needed

Typical: <18 months adopt high kneel with support
18 months high kneel w/o support

Test: place in front of support

Question 17

Cruising

Answer 17

Ability: move and change position while moving sideways along furniture. Req weight transfer, movement of UL, trunk and limb orientation

Typical: supported standing <10 months but can’t weight transfer, 10-12 months

Atypical: unable to perform both directions, can’t transfer weight, can’t correct limb position

Question 18

Stand alone

Answer 18

Ability: achieve standing position with equal WB, appropriate BoS, PC, static and dynamic balance

Typical: <12 months standing support
12 months stand alone 5 secs

Atypical: no WB through LL, increased tone, poorly orientated posture, lack balance

Question 19

Walking

Answer 19

Ability: walk independent with rhythmical pattern, BoS, symmetrical weight shift, pelvic/hip control, adequate dynamic balance, alter speed and change directions

Typical: <12 months supported walking
18 months independent, wide BoS

Atypical: toe walking=equinus gait, idiopathic or neurological CP, stiff gait, pronated feet, asymmetrical, poor trunk or hip rot, abnormal gait

Question 20

Running

Answer 20

Ability: run independent with rhythmical pattern, BoS, control, weight shift, movement, balance and stability
–> visual, prop, tactile, vestibular inputs-> motor planning, muscle strength, endurance

Typical: 18 months trot
2y= a lot of body movement

Atypical: immature or awkward pattern, poor rhythm, poor spring, child runs better than walk

Question 21

Squat

Answer 21

Ability: control position and centre of gravity going from standing to squating
– adequate muscle strength, endurance, motor planning–> visual, prop, tactile, vestibular inputs

Typical: <15months unable to perform squat
15 months perform squat with good control

Atypical: loses balance,
stoops= indicate poor muscle strength and length
only able to squat while stooping

Question 22

Jump

Answer 22

Ability: jump from static position with two feet together, Adequate spring (equal), lands with both feet quietly and controlled, dynamic balance.
Factors: muscle power of PF, quads, glutes, hamstrings for propelling self. Motor planning, visual, proprioceptive, tactile, vestibular input

Typical: 18 months= 2 feet together hands held by Tp
2y= jumps indep, one foot leading
3y= 2 feet together
4y= broad jump over rope/hurdle

Atypical: one foot leading, lack spring, uncontrolled landing, asymmetrical spring, abnormal mvmt pattern during jumping, unable to jump

Question 23

SLS

Answer 23

Ability: perform unilateral WB on both preferred and non-preferred legs w/ stability + PC over period of time
Factors: visual, prop, tactile, vestibular input, adequate ankle and hip balance strategies

Typical: 3-3.5 y= 3-5s
4y= 4-8 secs
6y= 8s arms crossed

Atypical: unable to perform, excessive UL or body movement

Question 24

Hop

Answer 24

Ability: maintain ext one knee when contralateral knee is flexed and hop rhythmically on preferred/nonpreferred leg w/spring and control
Factors: muscle power of PF, quads, gluten, hamstrings. Motor planning, vis, prop, tactile, vestibular input

Typical: 3y= 3x hops preferred leg
4y= 5x hops on both legs
6y= unidirectional

Atypical: unable to hop, hop awkwardly, excessive UL movement at 5y, poor trunk

Question 25

Ball skills

Answer 25

Ability: throw, catch, kick ball whilst maintaining balance and PC. Child can use feedback to adjust and adapt technique or posture between trials accuracy and speed.

Factors: visual, prop, tactile required for accuracy and kick a ball to a target. Motor planning. Muscle strength, control, reaction

Typical: 2y kick stationary ball and throw it
3y catches large ball w/arms extended cradle
4y catching with elbows flexed and forearms supinated scoop
5y catch ball in hand
5-6y catch tennis ball
6y performing cup catch and drop catch
7y spider catch
8y wrist dissociation, pat bounce and drop/clap/catch skills, accuracy of throwing

Atypical: poor accuracy, poor reaction time, does not follow ball trajectory w/catching, loss of balance, poor reaction time

Question 26

Skipping/complex gait

Answer 26

Ability: alternate legs, co-ordinated skipping, maintain rhythm
Factors: visual, prop, tactile, vestibular, muscle power

typical: <5y child can lead with one foot/gallop
5y= should be able to alternate feet, evenly with adequate rhythm
6y= should change time with cues

atypical: asymmetrical, lack rhythm, unable to maintain rhythm with alternate speed