Gross Motor Flashcards
Describe Motion
Initiates and moves voluntarily with good frequency
[-] reduced motion= fear/anxiety, behaviour/motivation, environment/culture, physical impairment
[+] excessive or hyper-vigilant= constant scanning or trying to orientate self
Describe Orientation
Orients to task and environment, transition well–> postural control, orientation to environment
[-] Delayed/inadequate orientation= can be between body segment, within task, to gravity, environment, to task
[+] excessive or hypervigilant= constantly scanning or trying to orientate self
Describe Variety
Shows movement variety, adaptability or ability to move
[-] poor repertoire, only one way of doing task, habitual/obligatory movements only
[+] excessive, random, uncontrolled movement= too many options but not enough control of movements
Describe Ease
Movements are easy, free, fluid and without restriction
[-] not easy, free, fluid movement= due to pain, stiffness, fear
[+] too easy, free fluid= poor co-ordination, lack of control, impulsive movements
Describe Modulation
Generation of effort (force) and amplitude (range) of movement are well controlled
[-] not enough
[+] too much
Describe Effective
Movement is purposeful, accurate, achieves intend effect
[-] poor effect due to inadequate/few attempts’
[+] poor outcome despite excessive/multiple attempts
Describe Normal
Motor skill, milestone are normal for age and condition
Describe Timing
Timing of start, duration and end of movement is optional
[-] too slow= reaction time, movement, coincident timing
[+] too fast, impulsive, poor planning
Describe Safe
Movements protect and do not cause injury
[-] too safety- impulsive, accidental injury, risky, poor control
[+] too safe- avoids or restricts movement or experience
Head control
Ability, Typical, Atypical, how to test it
Ability: control position of head in midline + multiple positions respect to task+ environment
Typical: normal absence in newborns
–emerges 3 months
Atypical: lack of antigravity control, lack of voluntary control of position
Rolling
Ability, typical, Atypical, how to test it
Ability: control position of head in midline + multiple positions
Typical: 4 months
Atypical: absence, roll end block, hyperextends to roll, ATNR to roll, purposeless rolling
Sitting
Ability: sit with appropriate spinal curves, erect posture, adequate BoS, postural adjustments (vestibular, visual, prop, auditory stimulates)
Typical: supported sitting 4 months,
10-12 months unsupported
12 months side sit
Atypical: consistent c curve sitting, abnormal tone, w sitting + propping, can’t sit unsupported
Creeping
Ability: prone position, can alternate arms and opposite leg flexion + ext in order to move forward on floor. Req weight shift diagonally
Typical: 6-8 months
Crawling
Ability: WB on hands and knees, crawl using reciprocal pattern on floor and on stairs
Typical: 8 months 4-point kneel
10-12 months
Atypical: bunny hop or bottom shuffle, inability to weight shift, lack reciprocal pattern, irregular pattern
Pull to stand
Ability: position legs, weight shift from sitting through half kneel into standing
Typical: 10-12 months using supports to pull
uses squats at 18 months
Atypical: consider lack of awareness, leg position, strength, power, weight shift
Kneeling
Ability: adopt+ maintain low kneel, high kneel, half kneel positions w/o hand support + good PC
—-Req muscle strength and endurance of gluten, quad, PF, trunk + lateral hip muscle control needed
Typical: <18 months adopt high kneel with support
18 months high kneel w/o support
Test: place in front of support
Cruising
Ability: move and change position while moving sideways along furniture. Req weight transfer, movement of UL, trunk and limb orientation
Typical: supported standing <10 months but can’t weight transfer, 10-12 months
Atypical: unable to perform both directions, can’t transfer weight, can’t correct limb position
Stand alone
Ability: achieve standing position with equal WB, appropriate BoS, PC, static and dynamic balance
Typical: <12 months standing support
12 months stand alone 5 secs
Atypical: no WB through LL, increased tone, poorly orientated posture, lack balance
Walking
Ability: walk independent with rhythmical pattern, BoS, symmetrical weight shift, pelvic/hip control, adequate dynamic balance, alter speed and change directions
Typical: <12 months supported walking
18 months independent, wide BoS
Atypical: toe walking=equinus gait, idiopathic or neurological CP, stiff gait, pronated feet, asymmetrical, poor trunk or hip rot, abnormal gait
Running
Ability: run independent with rhythmical pattern, BoS, control, weight shift, movement, balance and stability
–> visual, prop, tactile, vestibular inputs-> motor planning, muscle strength, endurance
Typical: 18 months trot
2y= a lot of body movement
Atypical: immature or awkward pattern, poor rhythm, poor spring, child runs better than walk
Squat
Ability: control position and centre of gravity going from standing to squating
– adequate muscle strength, endurance, motor planning–> visual, prop, tactile, vestibular inputs
Typical: <15months unable to perform squat
15 months perform squat with good control
Atypical: loses balance,
stoops= indicate poor muscle strength and length
only able to squat while stooping
Jump
Ability: jump from static position with two feet together, Adequate spring (equal), lands with both feet quietly and controlled, dynamic balance.
Factors: muscle power of PF, quads, glutes, hamstrings for propelling self. Motor planning, visual, proprioceptive, tactile, vestibular input
Typical: 18 months= 2 feet together hands held by Tp
2y= jumps indep, one foot leading
3y= 2 feet together
4y= broad jump over rope/hurdle
Atypical: one foot leading, lack spring, uncontrolled landing, asymmetrical spring, abnormal mvmt pattern during jumping, unable to jump
SLS
Ability: perform unilateral WB on both preferred and non-preferred legs w/ stability + PC over period of time
Factors: visual, prop, tactile, vestibular input, adequate ankle and hip balance strategies
Typical: 3-3.5 y= 3-5s
4y= 4-8 secs
6y= 8s arms crossed
Atypical: unable to perform, excessive UL or body movement
Hop
Ability: maintain ext one knee when contralateral knee is flexed and hop rhythmically on preferred/nonpreferred leg w/spring and control
Factors: muscle power of PF, quads, gluten, hamstrings. Motor planning, vis, prop, tactile, vestibular input
Typical: 3y= 3x hops preferred leg
4y= 5x hops on both legs
6y= unidirectional
Atypical: unable to hop, hop awkwardly, excessive UL movement at 5y, poor trunk
Ball skills
Ability: throw, catch, kick ball whilst maintaining balance and PC. Child can use feedback to adjust and adapt technique or posture between trials accuracy and speed.
Factors: visual, prop, tactile required for accuracy and kick a ball to a target. Motor planning. Muscle strength, control, reaction
Typical: 2y kick stationary ball and throw it
3y catches large ball w/arms extended cradle
4y catching with elbows flexed and forearms supinated scoop
5y catch ball in hand
5-6y catch tennis ball
6y performing cup catch and drop catch
7y spider catch
8y wrist dissociation, pat bounce and drop/clap/catch skills, accuracy of throwing
Atypical: poor accuracy, poor reaction time, does not follow ball trajectory w/catching, loss of balance, poor reaction time
Skipping/complex gait
Ability: alternate legs, co-ordinated skipping, maintain rhythm
Factors: visual, prop, tactile, vestibular, muscle power
typical: <5y child can lead with one foot/gallop
5y= should be able to alternate feet, evenly with adequate rhythm
6y= should change time with cues
atypical: asymmetrical, lack rhythm, unable to maintain rhythm with alternate speed